PharmCAT Report [pharmcat.example]

Date created	November 07, 2022
PharmCAT Version	v2.1.0
CPIC Version	v1.21.3

Sections

Genotype Summary
Prescribing Recommendations
Allele Matching Details
Disclaimers

Disclaimer: PharmCAT is only able to generate recommendations based on the information provided to the software. The gene and variant information for all reported sections are interpreted directly from user-supplied data. The user recognizes they are using PharmCAT at their own risk. For a detailed disclaimer see Section IV.

Section I: Genotype Summary

Genotypes called: 21 / 23

Drugs

Gene

Genotypes

Genotype

Allele Functionality

Phenotype

allopurinol

rosuvastatin

ABCG2 ^‡

rs2231142 reference (G)/rs2231142 reference (G)

Two normal function alleles

Normal Function

CACNA1S ^† ^‡

Reference/Reference

Two normal function alleles

Uncertain Susceptibility

ivacaftor

CFTR ^‡

No CPIC variants found

Two ivacaftor non-responsive alleles

ivacaftor non-responsive in CF patients

efavirenz

CYP2B6 ^† ^‡

*1/*1

Two normal function alleles

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C19 ^† ^‡

*38/*38

Two normal function alleles

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C9 ^† ^‡

*1/*1

Two normal function alleles

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2D6 ^†

*1/*3

One no function allele and one normal function allele

Intermediate Metabolizer

quetiapine

CYP3A4 ^† ^‡

*1/*1

Two normal function alleles

Normal Metabolizer

tacrolimus

CYP3A5 ^† ^‡

*1/*1

Two normal function alleles

Normal Metabolizer

warfarin

CYP4F2 ^† ^‡

*1/*1

N/A

DPYD ^†

Reference/Reference
Reference	normal function	See drug section

sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim

G6PD ^†

B (wildtype)/B (wildtype)

Two unassigned function alleles

N/A

HLA-B ^†

*15:02/*57:01

N/A

*15:02 positive; *57:01 positive; *58:01 negative

peginterferon alfa-2a

peginterferon alfa-2b

IFNL3/4 ^‡

rs12979860 reference (C)/rs12979860 reference (C)

N/A

MT-RNR1 ^†

1555A>G

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

azathioprine

mercaptopurine

thioguanine

NUDT15 ^† ^‡

*1/*1

Two normal function alleles

Normal Metabolizer

RYR1 ^† ^‡

Reference/Reference

Two normal function alleles

Uncertain Susceptibility

SLCO1B1 ^† ^‡

*1/*1

Two normal function alleles

Normal Function

azathioprine

mercaptopurine

thioguanine

TPMT ^† ^‡

*1/*1

Two normal function alleles

Normal Metabolizer

atazanavir

irinotecan

UGT1A1 ^† ^‡

*1/*1

Two normal function alleles

Normal Metabolizer

acenocoumarol

phenprocoumon

warfarin

VKORC1 ^‡

rs9923231 reference (C)/rs9923231 reference (C)

N/A

^† Check Section III for more details about this call.

^‡ PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

For a full list of disclaimers and limitations see the Section IV.

Multiple DPWG versions used to generate gene and drug reports: [v1.21.3, 2022-11-05-00-25].

Section II: Prescribing Recommendations

abacavir

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype HLA-B:15:02/57:01	HLA-B: Significantly increased risk of abacavir hypersensitivity	Abacavir is not recommended	N/A	Strong

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

HLA-B:*15:02/*57:01

HLA-B: Significantly increased risk of abacavir hypersensitivity

Abacavir is not recommended

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for HLA-B Genotype and Abacavir Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012. PMID:22378157
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for HLA-B Genotype and Abacavir Dosing: 2014 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24561393

acenocoumarol

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹ Population: N/A	Genotype VKORC1: rs9923231 reference (C)/ rs9923231 reference (C)	VKORC1: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the -1639 GG genotype on acenocoumarol.	The guideline does not provide a recommendation for acenocoumarol in patients with the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype).	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

VKORC1:
rs9923231 reference (C)/
rs9923231 reference (C)

VKORC1: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the -1639 GG genotype on acenocoumarol.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for acenocoumarol in patients with the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype).

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

allopurinol

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype HLA-B:15:02/57:01	HLA-B: Low or reduced risk of allopurinol-induced SCAR	Use allopurinol per standard dosing guidelines	N/A	Strong
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹ Population: N/A	Genotype ABCG2: rs2231142 reference (G)/ rs2231142 reference (G)	ABCG2: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the ABCG2 rs2231142 GG genotype (c.421CC; p.141QQ) on allopurinol.	The guideline does not provide a recommendation for allopurinol in patients with the the ABCG2 rs2231142 GG genotype (c.421CC; p.141QQ)	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

HLA-B:*15:02/*57:01

HLA-B: Low or reduced risk of allopurinol-induced SCAR

Use allopurinol per standard dosing guidelines

N/A

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

ABCG2:
rs2231142 reference (G)/
rs2231142 reference (G)

ABCG2: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the ABCG2 rs2231142 GG genotype (c.421CC; p.141QQ) on allopurinol.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for allopurinol in patients with the the ABCG2 rs2231142 GG genotype (c.421CC; p.141QQ)

N/A

Citations:

Dutch pharmacogenetics working group guideline for the gene-drug interaction of ABCG2, HLA-B and Allopurinol, and MTHFR, folic acid and methotrexate. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2022. PMID:36056234
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B) genotype and allopurinol dosing: 2015 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2015. PMID:26094938
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for Human Leukocyte Antigen-B Genotype and Allopurinol Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012. PMID:23232549

amikacin

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype MT-RNR1:1555A>G Phenotype increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss	MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic.	Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies.	If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring).	Strong

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

MT-RNR1:1555A>G

Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies.

If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring).

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for the use of aminoglycosides based on MT-RNR1 genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:34032273

aminosalicylic acid

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

amitriptyline

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype CYP2C19:38/38; CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotypes CYP2C19: Normal Metabolizer CYP2D6: Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Scores CYP2C19: N/A CYP2D6: 1.0	CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects	Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.	Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain.	Moderate
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹ Population: N/A	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 0.5-1	CYP2D6: The risk of side effects is increased, because the gene variation leads to higher plasma concentrations of the active metabolite nortriptyline and to a lesser extent of amitriptyline.	Use 75% of the standard dose and monitor the efficacy and side effects or the plasma concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline to adjust the maintenance dose	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38;
CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotypes

CYP2C19:: Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:: Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Scores

CYP2C19:: N/A
CYP2D6:: 1.0

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects

Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.

Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain.

Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects is increased, because the gene variation leads to higher plasma concentrations of the active metabolite nortriptyline and to a lesser extent of amitriptyline.

Use 75% of the standard dose and monitor the efficacy and side effects or the plasma concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline to adjust the maintenance dose

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC®) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants: 2016 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:27997040
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23486447

aripiprazole

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹ Population: N/A	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 0.5-1	CYP2D6: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of an intermediate metabolizer phenotype on aripiprazole.	NO action is needed for this gene-drug interaction.The genetic variation increases the plasma concentration of the sum of aripiprazole and the active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole to a limited degree. There is insufficient evidence that this increases the risk of side effects.	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of an intermediate metabolizer phenotype on aripiprazole.

NO action is needed for this gene-drug interaction.The genetic variation increases the plasma concentration of the sum of aripiprazole and the active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole to a limited degree. There is insufficient evidence that this increases the risk of side effects.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

aspirin

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

atazanavir

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype UGT1A1:1/1 Phenotype Normal Metabolizer Activity Score N/A	UGT1A1: Reference UGT1A1 activity; very low likelihood of bilirubin-related discontinuation of atazanavir.	There is no need to avoid prescribing of atazanavir based on UGT1A1 genetic test result. Inform the patient that some patients stop atazanavir because of jaundice (yellow eyes and skin), but that this patient’s genotype makes this unlikely (less than about a 1 in 20 chance of stopping atazanavir because of jaundice).	All studies correlating UGT1A1 genotypes with atazanavir adverse events have involved ritonavir boosting. However, concentration-time profiles are equivalent when boosted with either cobicistat or ritonavir (PMID 23532097), and bilirubin-related adverse events including discontinuation of atazanavir occur in a similar percentage of patients prescribed atazanavir with cobicistat or ritonavir (PMID 23532097). Associations between UGT1A1 genotype, bilirubin elevations, and atazanavir/r discontinuation therefore almost certainly translate to atazanavir/cobicistat. "reference" function refers to the UGT1A1 allele to which other alleles are compared.	Strong

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

UGT1A1:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

UGT1A1: Reference UGT1A1 activity; very low likelihood of bilirubin-related discontinuation of atazanavir.

There is no need to avoid prescribing of atazanavir based on UGT1A1 genetic test result. Inform the patient that some patients stop atazanavir because of jaundice (yellow eyes and skin), but that this patient’s genotype makes this unlikely (less than about a 1 in 20 chance of stopping atazanavir because of jaundice).

All studies correlating UGT1A1 genotypes with atazanavir adverse events have involved ritonavir boosting. However, concentration-time profiles are equivalent when boosted with either cobicistat or ritonavir (PMID 23532097), and bilirubin-related adverse events including discontinuation of atazanavir occur in a similar percentage of patients prescribed atazanavir with cobicistat or ritonavir (PMID 23532097). Associations between UGT1A1 genotype, bilirubin elevations, and atazanavir/r discontinuation therefore almost certainly translate to atazanavir/cobicistat. "reference" function refers to the UGT1A1 allele to which other alleles are compared.

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for UGT1A1 and Atazanavir Prescribing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2015. PMID:26417955

atomoxetine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: pediatrics	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 1.0	CYP2D6: Possibly higher atomoxetine concentrations as compared to normal metabolizers but questionable clinical significance. Intermediate metabolizers with an activity score of 1 may be at an increased risk of discontinuation as compared to poor metabolizers.	Initiate with a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day and increase to 1.2 mg/kg/day after 3 days. If no clinical response and in the absence of adverse events after 2 weeks, consider obtaining a peak plasma concentration (1 to 2 hours after dose administered). If < 200 ng/mL, consider a proportional increase in dose to approach 400 ng/mL.	Therapeutic range of 200 to 1000 ng/mL has been proposed (PMID 29493375). Limited data are available regarding the relationship between atomoxetine plasma concentrations and clinical response. Available information suggests that clinical response is greater in poor metabolizers (PMs) compared to non-PMs and may be related to the higher plasma concentrations 1 to 1.5 hours after dosing in PMs compared to non-PMs administered a similar dose. Furthermore, modest improvement in response, defined as reduction in ADHD-rating scale, is observed at peak concentrations greater than 400 ng/mL.	Moderate
CPIC ¹ Population: adults	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 1.0	CYP2D6: Possibly higher atomoxetine concentrations as compared to normal metabolizers but questionable clinical significance. Intermediate metabolizers with an activity score of 1 may be at an increased risk of discontinuation as compared to poor metabolizers.	Initiate with a dose of 40 mg/day and increase to 80 mg/day after 3 days. If no clinical response and in the absence of adverse events after 2 weeks, consider increasing dose to 100 mg/day. If no clinical response observed after 2 weeks, consider obtaining a peak plasma concentration (1 to 2 hours after dose administered). If <200 ng/mL, consider a proportional increase in dose to approach 400 ng/mL. Dosages greater than 100 mg/day may be needed to achieve target concentrations.	Therapeutic range of 200 to 1000 ng/mL has been proposed (PMID 29493375). Limited data are available regarding the relationship between atomoxetine plasma concentrations and clinical response. Available information suggests that clinical response is greater in poor metabolizers (PMs) compared to non-PMs and may be related to the higher plasma concentrations 1 to 1.5 hours after dosing in PMs compared to non-PMs administered a similar dose. Furthermore, modest improvement in response, defined as reduction in ADHD-rating scale, is observed at peak concentrations greater than 400 ng/mL. Doses above 120 mg/day have not been evaluated.	Moderate
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹ Population: N/A	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 0.5-1	CYP2D6: The genetic variation increases the plasma concentration of atomoxetine and can thereby reduce the dose requirement.	In the event of side effects occurring and/or a response later than 9 weeks: reduce the dose and check whether the effect is conserved. The plasma concentration of atomoxetine is a factor of 2-3 times higher for IM than for EM at the same dose.	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
pediatrics

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Possibly higher atomoxetine concentrations as compared to normal metabolizers but questionable clinical significance. Intermediate metabolizers with an activity score of 1 may be at an increased risk of discontinuation as compared to poor metabolizers.

Initiate with a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day and increase to 1.2 mg/kg/day after 3 days. If no clinical response and in the absence of adverse events after 2 weeks, consider obtaining a peak plasma concentration (1 to 2 hours after dose administered). If < 200 ng/mL, consider a proportional increase in dose to approach 400 ng/mL.

Therapeutic range of 200 to 1000 ng/mL has been proposed (PMID 29493375). Limited data are available regarding the relationship between atomoxetine plasma concentrations and clinical response. Available information suggests that clinical response is greater in poor metabolizers (PMs) compared to non-PMs and may be related to the higher plasma concentrations 1 to 1.5 hours after dosing in PMs compared to non-PMs administered a similar dose. Furthermore, modest improvement in response, defined as reduction in ADHD-rating scale, is observed at peak concentrations greater than 400 ng/mL.

Moderate

CPIC ¹

Population:
adults

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

Initiate with a dose of 40 mg/day and increase to 80 mg/day after 3 days. If no clinical response and in the absence of adverse events after 2 weeks, consider increasing dose to 100 mg/day. If no clinical response observed after 2 weeks, consider obtaining a peak plasma concentration (1 to 2 hours after dose administered). If <200 ng/mL, consider a proportional increase in dose to approach 400 ng/mL. Dosages greater than 100 mg/day may be needed to achieve target concentrations.

Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation increases the plasma concentration of atomoxetine and can thereby reduce the dose requirement.

In the event of side effects occurring and/or a response later than 9 weeks: reduce the dose and check whether the effect is conserved. The plasma concentration of atomoxetine is a factor of 2-3 times higher for IM than for EM at the same dose.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 Genotype and Atomoxetine Therapy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2019. PMID:30801677

atorvastatin

The SLCO1B1 genotype (star nomenclature) will be displayed if determinable with the provided VCF based on the SLCO1B1 star allele definition published by CPIC and recommendations are provided based on the genotype.

In case no genotype can be determined, recommendations are based on the rs4149056 genotype alone as per guideline. The minor C allele at rs4149056 defines SLCO1B1*5.

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype SLCO1B1:1/1; rs4149056:T/T Phenotype Normal Function	SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure	Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines.	The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin.	Strong
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹	No annotation for SLCO1B1 1/1.

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

SLCO1B1:*1/*1;
rs4149056:T/T

Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure

Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines.

The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin.

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

No annotation for SLCO1B1 *1/*1.

Citations:

The Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium: Guideline for SLCO1B1 and Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012. PMID:22617227
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy: 2014 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24918167
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 and statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:35152405

azathioprine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype NUDT15:1/1; TPMT:1/1 Phenotypes NUDT15: Normal Metabolizer TPMT: Normal Metabolizer Activity Scores NUDT15: N/A TPMT: N/A	NUDT15: Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression TPMT: Lower concentrations of TGN metabolites, higher MeTIMP, this is the ‘normal’ pattern. Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression.	Start with normal starting dose (e.g., 2-3 mg/kg/day) and adjust doses of azathioprine based on disease-specific guidelines. Allow 2 weeks to reach steady-state after each dose adjustment (PMID 20354201, 11302950, 15606506).	Normal starting doses vary by race/ethnicity and treatment regimens. If standard dose is below normal recommended dose, dose reduction might not be recommended for intermediate metabolizers.	Strong
PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2} Population: N/A	Genotype NUDT15:1/1 Phenotype Normal Metabolizer	NUDT15: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on azathioprine.	The guideline does not provide a recommendation for azathioprine in normal metabolizers	N/A	N/A
PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2} Population: N/A	Genotype TPMT:1/1 Phenotype Normal Metabolizer	TPMT: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on azathioprine.	The guideline does not provide a recommendation for azathioprine in normal metabolizers.	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

NUDT15:*1/*1;
TPMT:*1/*1

Phenotypes

NUDT15:: Normal Metabolizer
TPMT:: Normal Metabolizer

Activity Scores

NUDT15:: N/A
TPMT:: N/A

NUDT15: Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression
TPMT: Lower concentrations of TGN metabolites, higher MeTIMP, this is the ‘normal’ pattern. Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression.

Start with normal starting dose (e.g., 2-3 mg/kg/day) and adjust doses of azathioprine based on disease-specific guidelines. Allow 2 weeks to reach steady-state after each dose adjustment (PMID 20354201, 11302950, 15606506).

Normal starting doses vary by race/ethnicity and treatment regimens. If standard dose is below normal recommended dose, dose reduction might not be recommended for intermediate metabolizers.

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

NUDT15:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

NUDT15: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on azathioprine.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for azathioprine in normal metabolizers

N/A

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

TPMT:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

TPMT: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on azathioprine.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for azathioprine in normal metabolizers.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21270794
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for Thiopurine Methyltransferase Genotype and Thiopurine Dosing: 2013 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23422873
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for thiopurine dosing based on TPMT and NUDT15 genotypes: 2018 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30447069

brexpiprazole

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹ Population: N/A	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 0.5-1	CYP2D6: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of an intermediate metabolizer phenotype on brexpiprazole.	NO action is required for this gene-drug interaction. There are indications supporting an increase in the exposure to brexpiprazole, but no indications supporting an increase in side effects in patients with this gene variation.	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of an intermediate metabolizer phenotype on brexpiprazole.

NO action is required for this gene-drug interaction. There are indications supporting an increase in the exposure to brexpiprazole, but no indications supporting an increase in side effects in patients with this gene variation.

N/A

capecitabine

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype DPYD:Reference/ Reference Phenotype Normal Metabolizer Activity Score 2.0	DPYD: Normal DPD activity and "normal" risk for fluoropyrimidine toxicity	Based on genotype, there is no indication to change dose or therapy. Use label-recommended dosage and administration.	N/A	Strong
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹ Population: N/A	Genotype DPYD:Reference/ Reference Activity Score 2	DPYD: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a DPYD activity score of 2 on capecitabine.	The guideline does not provide a recommendation for capecitabine in patients with a DPYD activity score of 2.	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

DPYD:Reference/
Reference

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

DPYD: Normal DPD activity and "normal" risk for fluoropyrimidine toxicity

Based on genotype, there is no indication to change dose or therapy. Use label-recommended dosage and administration.

N/A

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

DPYD:Reference/
Reference

Activity Score

DPYD: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a DPYD activity score of 2 on capecitabine.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for capecitabine in patients with a DPYD activity score of 2.

N/A

Citations:

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction of DPYD and fluoropyrimidines. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2019. PMID:31745289
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Genotype and Fluoropyrimidine Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23988873
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Genotype and Fluoropyrimidine Dosing: 2017 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2017. PMID:29152729

carbamazepine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for HLA-A Unknown/Unknown and HLA-B 15:02/57:01.

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for HLA-B Genotype and Carbamazepine Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23695185
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for HLA Genotype and Use of Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine: 2017 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:29392710

celecoxib

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype CYP2C9:1/1 Phenotype Normal Metabolizer Activity Score 2.0	CYP2C9: Normal metabolism	Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. In accordance with the prescribing information, use the lowest effective dosage for shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals.	N/A	Strong

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism

Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. In accordance with the prescribing information, use the lowest effective dosage for shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals.

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C9 and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32189324

chloramphenicol

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

chloroquine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

ciprofloxacin

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

citalopram

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype CYP2C19:38/38 Phenotype Normal Metabolizer Activity Score N/A	CYP2C19: Normal metabolism	Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose	N/A	Strong
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹	No annotation for CYP2C19 38/38.

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism

Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose

N/A

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction between CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 and SSRIs. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2022. PMID:34782755
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2015. PMID:25974703

clomipramine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype CYP2C19:38/38; CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotypes CYP2C19: Normal Metabolizer CYP2D6: Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Scores CYP2C19: N/A CYP2D6: 1.0	CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects	Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.	Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain.	Optional
PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2} Population: N/A	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 0.5-1	CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be increased, because the gene variation leads to increased plasma concentrations of clomipramine and the active metabolite desmethylclomipramine.	Use 70% of the standard dose and monitor the effect and side effects or the plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine. For depression, the therapeutic range is 200-400 ng/mL for the sum of the plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine. For anxiety disorders, the therapeutic plasma concentration of clomipramine is approximately 100 ng/mL, in combination with a plasma concentration of desmethylclomipramine lower than 200 ng/mL. For obsessive compulsive disorder, the therapeutic plasma concentration of clomipramine is higher than 200 ng/mL, in combination with a plasma concentration of desmethylclomipramine that is as low as possible. A sum of the plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine higher than 600 ng/mL is considered toxic.	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38;
CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotypes

CYP2C19:: Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:: Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Scores

CYP2C19:: N/A
CYP2D6:: 1.0

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects

Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.

Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be increased, because the gene variation leads to increased plasma concentrations of clomipramine and the active metabolite desmethylclomipramine.

Use 70% of the standard dose and monitor the effect and side effects or the plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine. For depression, the therapeutic range is 200-400 ng/mL for the sum of the plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine. For anxiety disorders, the therapeutic plasma concentration of clomipramine is approximately 100 ng/mL, in combination with a plasma concentration of desmethylclomipramine lower than 200 ng/mL. For obsessive compulsive disorder, the therapeutic plasma concentration of clomipramine is higher than 200 ng/mL, in combination with a plasma concentration of desmethylclomipramine that is as low as possible. A sum of the plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine higher than 600 ng/mL is considered toxic.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC®) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants: 2016 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:27997040
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23486447

clopidogrel

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: CVI ACS PCI	Genotype CYP2C19:38/38 Phenotype Normal Metabolizer	CYP2C19: Normal clopidogrel active metabolite formation; normal on-treatment platelet reactivity	If considering clopidogrel, use at standard dose (75 mg/day)	For cardiovascular indications of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). ACS and/or PCI includes patients undergoing PCI for an ACS or non-ACS (elective) indication.	Strong
CPIC ¹ Population: CVI non-ACS non-PCI	Genotype CYP2C19:38/38 Phenotype Normal Metabolizer	CYP2C19: Normal clopidogrel active metabolite formation; normal on-treatment platelet reactivity	If considering clopidogrel, use at standard dose (75 mg/day)	For non-acute coronary syndrome (non-ACS) and non-percutaneous coronary intervention (non-PCI) cardiovascular indications. Non-ACS, non-PCI cardiovascular indications include peripheral arterial disease and stable coronary artery disease following a recent myocardial infarction outside the setting of PCI.	Strong
CPIC ¹ Population: NVI	Genotype CYP2C19:38/38 Phenotype Normal Metabolizer	CYP2C19: Normal clopidogrel active metabolite formation; normal on-treatment platelet reactivity	If considering clopidogrel, use at standard dose (75 mg/day)	For neurovascular indications. Neurovascular disease includes acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, secondary prevention of stroke, or prevention of thromboembolic events following neurointerventional procedures such as carotid artery stenting and stent-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysms.	Strong
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹	No annotation for CYP2C19 38/38.

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for Cytochrome P450-2C19 (CYP2C19) Genotype and Clopidogrel Therapy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21716271
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for cytochrome P450-2C19 (CYP2C19) genotype and clopidogrel therapy: 2013 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23698643
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2C19 Genotype and Clopidogrel Therapy: 2022 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:35034351

codeine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 1.0	CYP2D6: Reduced morphine formation	Use codeine label recommended age- or weight-specific dosing. If no response and opioid use is warranted, consider a non-tramadol opioid.	N/A	Moderate
PharmGKB-DPWG ¹ Population: N/A	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 0.5-1	CYP2D6: The genetic variation reduces the conversion of codeine to morphine. This can result in reduced analgesia.	For COUGH: No action required. For PAIN: It is not possible to offer adequately substantiated advice for dose adjustment based on the limited available literature for this phenotype. Be alert to a reduced effectiveness. In the case of inadequate effectiveness: 1. Try a dose increase., 2. If this does not work: choose an alternative. Do not select tramadol, as this is also metabolised by CYP2D6. Morphine is not metabolised by CYP2D6. Oxycodone is metabolised by CYP2D6 to a limited extent, but this does not result in differences in analgesia in patients. If no alternative is selected: advise the patient to report inadequate analgesia.	N/A	N/A

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced morphine formation

Use codeine label recommended age- or weight-specific dosing. If no response and opioid use is warranted, consider a non-tramadol opioid.

N/A

Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation reduces the conversion of codeine to morphine. This can result in reduced analgesia.

For COUGH:

No action required.

For PAIN: It is not possible to offer adequately substantiated advice for dose adjustment based on the limited available literature for this phenotype.

Be alert to a reduced effectiveness.
In the case of inadequate effectiveness: 1. Try a dose increase., 2. If this does not work: choose an alternative. Do not select tramadol, as this is also metabolised by CYP2D6. Morphine is not metabolised by CYP2D6. Oxycodone is metabolised by CYP2D6 to a limited extent, but this does not result in differences in analgesia in patients.
If no alternative is selected: advise the patient to report inadequate analgesia.

N/A

Citations:

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction between CYP2D6 and opioids (codeine, tramadol and oxycodone). European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2022. PMID:34267337
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for Codeine Therapy in the Context of Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:22205192
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24458010
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2D6, OPRM1, and COMT genotype and select opioid therapy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:33387367

dapsone

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

desflurane

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype CACNA1S:Reference/ Reference; RYR1:Reference/ Reference Phenotypes CACNA1S: Uncertain Susceptibility RYR1: Uncertain Susceptibility Activity Scores CACNA1S: N/A RYR1: N/A	CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675). RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).	Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants.	N/A	Strong

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CACNA1S:Reference/
Reference;
RYR1:Reference/
Reference

Phenotypes

CACNA1S:: Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:: Uncertain Susceptibility

Activity Scores

CACNA1S:: N/A
RYR1:: N/A

CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).

Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants.

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for the use of potent volatile anesthetic agents and succinylcholine in the context of RYR1 or CACNA1S genotypes. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30499100

desipramine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹ Population: general	Genotype CYP2D6:1/3 Phenotype Intermediate Metabolizer Activity Score 1.0	CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers. Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects.	Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Titrate dose to observed clinical response with symptom improvement and minimal (if any) side effects. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.	Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain.	Optional

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers. Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects.

Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Titrate dose to observed clinical response with symptom improvement and minimal (if any) side effects. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.

Optional

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC®) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants: 2016 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:27997040
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23486447

dexlansoprazole

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal PPI metabolism; may be at increased risk of therapeutic failure compared to CYP2C19 IMs and PMs

Initiate standard starting daily dose. Consider increasing dose by 50-100% for the treatment of H. pylori infection and erosive esophagitis. Daily dose may be given in divided doses. Monitor for efficacy.

N/A

Optional

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C19 and Proton Pump Inhibitor Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32770672

dimercaprol

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

doxepin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38;
CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotypes

CYP2C19:: Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:: Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Scores

CYP2C19:: N/A
CYP2D6:: 1.0

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects

Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.

Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be increased, because the gene variation leads to increased plasma concentrations of doxepin and the active metabolite nordoxepin.

Use 80% of the standard dose and monitor the effect and side effects or the plasma concentrations of doxepin and nordoxepin in order to set the maintenance dose. The therapeutic range is 100-250 ng/mL for the sum of doxepin and nordoxepin plasma concentrations. Values higher than 400 ng/mL are considered toxic.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC®) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants: 2016 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:27997040
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23486447

doxorubicin

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

efavirenz

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
child >40kg_adult

Genotype

CYP2B6:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2B6: Normal efavirenz metabolism

Initiate efavirenz with standard dosing (600 mg/day)

The ENCORE study showed that in treatment-naïve patients randomized to initiate efavirenz-based regimens (combined with tenofovir and emtricitabine), 400 mg/day was non-inferior to 600 mg/day regardless of CYP2B6 genotype (PMID 24522178).

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2B6:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2B6: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on efavirenz.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for efavirenz in normal metabolizers.

N/A

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2B6 and Efavirenz-containing Antiretroviral Therapy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2019. PMID:31006110

eliglustat

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: This gene variation reduces the conversion of eliglustat to inactive metabolites. However, in the absence of CYP2D6 and CYP3A inhibitors, this does not result in a clinically significant increased risk of side effects.

Co-medication with BOTH a MODERATE to STRONG CYP2D6 INHIBITOR AND a MODERATE to STRONG CYP3A INHIBITOR: Eliglustat is contra-indicated.

Choose an alternative if possible. Strong CYP2D6 inhibitor: for example paroxetine, fluoxetine, quinidine, bupropione. Moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor: for example duloxetine, terbinafine, moclobemide, mirabegron, cinacalcet, dronedarone. Strong CYP3A inhibitor: for example ketoconazole, clarithromycin, itraconazole, cobicistat, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telaprevir, tipranavir, posaconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin, conivaptan, boceprevir. Moderate CYP3A inhibitor: for example erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, fluconazole, diltiazem, verapamil, aprepitant, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, imatinib, cimetidine.

Co-medication with a STRONG CYP2D6 INHIBITOR (e.g. paroxetine, fluoxetine, quinidine, bupropione):

Use a dose of 84mg eliglustat 1x daily.

Co-medication with a MODERATE CYP2D6 INHIBITOR (for example duloxetine, terbinafine, moclobemide, mirabegron, cinacalcet, dronedarone):

Consider a dose of 84mg eliglustat 1x daily.
Be alert to side effects.

Co-medication with a STRONG CYP3A INHIBITOR (for example ketoconazole, clarithromycin, itraconazole, cobicistat, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telaprevir, tipranavir, posaconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin, conivaptan, boceprevir):

Choose an alternative if possible.
If an alternative is not an option: consider a dose of 84 mg eliglustat 1x daily and be alert to side effects.

Co-medication with a MODERATE CYP3A INHIBITOR (for example erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, fluconazole, diltiazem, verapamil, aprepitant, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, imatinib, cimetidine):

Choose an alternative.
If an alternative is not an option: consider a dose of 84mg eliglustat 1x daily and be alert to side effects.

Co-medication with a STRONG CYP3A INDUCER (for example rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifabutine, hypericum): Eliglustat is not recommended. The plasma concentration may decrease so sharply that a therapeutic effect cannot be achieved.

Choose an alternative if possible.

NO co-medication with a moderate or strong CYP2D6 or CYP3A inhibitor or strong CYP3A inducer:

Use the standard dose of 84mg 2x daily.

N/A

enflurane

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CACNA1S:Reference/
Reference;
RYR1:Reference/
Reference

Phenotypes

CACNA1S:: Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:: Uncertain Susceptibility

Activity Scores

CACNA1S:: N/A
RYR1:: N/A

CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).

Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants.

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for the use of potent volatile anesthetic agents and succinylcholine in the context of RYR1 or CACNA1S genotypes. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30499100

escitalopram

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism

Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose

N/A

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction between CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 and SSRIs. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2022. PMID:34782755
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2015. PMID:25974703

flecainide

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation reduces conversion of flecainide to inactive metabolites. This may increase the risk of side effects.

Indications other than diagnosis of Brugada syndrome: reduce the dose to 75% of the standard dose and record an ECG and monitor the plasma concentration.2.Provocation test for diagnosis of Brugada syndrome:No action required.At a dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight to a maximum of 150 mg, the response is better for patients with alleles that result in reduced activity.All 5 patients with these alleles and 20% of the patients with two fully active alleles exhibited a response within 30 minutes.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

flucytosine

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

DPYD:Reference/
Reference

Activity Score

DPYD: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a DPYD activity score of 2 on flucytosine.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for flucytosine in patients with a DPYD activity score of 2.

N/A

fluorouracil

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

DPYD:Reference/
Reference

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

DPYD: Normal DPD activity and "normal" risk for fluoropyrimidine toxicity

Based on genotype, there is no indication to change dose or therapy. Use label-recommended dosage and administration.

N/A

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

DPYD:Reference/
Reference

Activity Score

DPYD: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a DPYD activity score of 2 on fluorouracil.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for fluorouracil in patients with a DPYD activity score of 2.

N/A

Citations:

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction of DPYD and fluoropyrimidines. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2019. PMID:31745289
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Genotype and Fluoropyrimidine Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23988873
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Genotype and Fluoropyrimidine Dosing: 2017 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2017. PMID:29152729

flurbiprofen

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C9 and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32189324

fluvastatin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1;
SLCO1B1:*1/*1;
rs4149056:T/T

Phenotypes

CYP2C9:: Normal Metabolizer
SLCO1B1:: Normal Function

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal exposure.
SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure.

Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses of fluvastatin based on disease-specific guidelines.

The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin.

Strong

Citations:

The Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium: Guideline for SLCO1B1 and Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012. PMID:22617227
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy: 2014 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24918167
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 and statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:35152405

fluvoxamine

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism when compared to normal metabolizers. Higher plasma concentrations may increase the probability of side effects.

Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose.

N/A

Moderate

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2015. PMID:25974703

fosphenytoin

The displayed recommendation for CYP2C9 and phenytoin is ONLY valid for non-carriers of the HLA-B*15:02 high-risk allele. PharmCAT Named Allele Matcher does not determine HLA status. CPIC guidance: Fos-/Phenytoin is contraindicated in individuals with the HLA-B*15:02 variant allele ("HLA-B*15:02-positive") due to significantly increased risk of fos-/phenytoin-induced cutaneous adverse reactions of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). In HLA-B*15:02 carriers, carbamazepine should not be used as an alternative. Alternative medications such as oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine acetate, and lamotrigine have some evidence linking SJS/TEN with the HLA-B*15:02 allele, and thus caution should be used in choosing alternatives to phenytoin.

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
PHT use >3mos

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1;
HLA-B:*15:02/*57:01

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal phenytoin metabolism
HLA-B: Increased risk of phenytoin-induced SJS/TEN

If the patient has previously used phenytoin continuously for longer than three months without incidence of cutaneous adverse reactions, cautiously consider use of phenytoin in the future. The latency period for drug-induced SJS/TEN is short with continuous dosing and adherence to therapy (4-28 days), and cases usually occur within three months of dosing.

Previous tolerance of phenytoin is not indicative of tolerance to other aromatic anticonvulsants.

Optional

CPIC ¹

Population:
PHT naive

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1;
HLA-B:*15:02/*57:01

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal phenytoin metabolism
HLA-B: Increased risk of phenytoin-induced SJS/TEN

If patient is phenytoin-naive, do not use phenytoin/fosphenytoin. Avoid carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine.

Other aromatic anticonvulsants, including eslicarbazepine, lamotrigine, and phenobarbital, have weaker evidence linking SJS/TEN with the HLA-B*15:02 allele; however, caution should still be used in choosing an alternative agent.

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for CYP2C9 and HLA-B Genotype and Phenytoin Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:25099164
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C9 and HLA-B Genotypes and Phenytoin Dosing: 2020 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32779747

furazolidone

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

gentamicin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

MT-RNR1:1555A>G

Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies.

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for the use of aminoglycosides based on MT-RNR1 genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:34032273

glyburide

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

haloperidol

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation results in a higher plasma concentration, but the effect is small and no clinically significant effects were found.

NO action is required for this gene-drug interaction.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

halothane

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CACNA1S:Reference/
Reference;
RYR1:Reference/
Reference

Phenotypes

CACNA1S:: Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:: Uncertain Susceptibility

Activity Scores

CACNA1S:: N/A
RYR1:: N/A

CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).

Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants.

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for the use of potent volatile anesthetic agents and succinylcholine in the context of RYR1 or CACNA1S genotypes. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30499100

hydrocodone

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Minimal evidence for pharmacokinetic or clinical effect.

Use hydrocodone label recommended age- or weight-specific dosing. If no response and opioid use is warranted, consider non-codeine or non-tramadol opioid.

N/A

Optional

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for Codeine Therapy in the Context of Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:22205192
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24458010
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2D6, OPRM1, and COMT genotype and select opioid therapy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:33387367

hydroxychloroquine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

ibuprofen

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C9 and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32189324

imipramine

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38;
CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotypes

CYP2C19:: Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:: Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Scores

CYP2C19:: N/A
CYP2D6:: 1.0

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects

Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.

Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be increased, because the gene variation leads to increased plasma concentrations of imipramine and desipramine.

Use 70% of the standard dose and monitor the effect and side effects or the plasma concentrations of imipramine and desipramine in order to set the maintenance dose. The therapeutic range is 150-300 ng/mL for the sum of the imipramine and desipramine plasma concentrations. Values exceeding 500 ng/mL are considered toxic.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC®) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants: 2016 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:27997040
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23486447

irinotecan

Alleles determined based on the CPIC UGT1A1 allele definition file due to limited allele definition information in the DPWG UGT1A1 document

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

UGT1A1:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

UGT1A1: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on irinotecan.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for irinotecan in normal metabolizers

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

isoflurane

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CACNA1S:Reference/
Reference;
RYR1:Reference/
Reference

Phenotypes

CACNA1S:: Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:: Uncertain Susceptibility

Activity Scores

CACNA1S:: N/A
RYR1:: N/A

CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).

Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants.

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for the use of potent volatile anesthetic agents and succinylcholine in the context of RYR1 or CACNA1S genotypes. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30499100

ivacaftor

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CFTR:
No CPIC variants found

Phenotype

ivacaftor non-responsive in CF patients

Activity Score

N/A

CFTR: An individual diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) and negative for a CFTR variant listed in the FDA-approved drug label as being responsive to ivacaftor.

Ivacaftor is not recommended

N/A

Moderate

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for Ivacaftor Therapy in the Context of CFTR Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24598717

kanamycin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

MT-RNR1:1555A>G

Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies.

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for the use of aminoglycosides based on MT-RNR1 genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:34032273

lansoprazole

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal PPI metabolism; may be at increased risk of therapeutic failure compared to CYP2C19 IMs and PMs

N/A

Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C19 and Proton Pump Inhibitor Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32770672

lornoxicam

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C9 and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32189324

lovastatin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

SLCO1B1:*1/*1;
rs4149056:T/T

Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure

Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines.

The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin.

Strong

Citations:

The Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium: Guideline for SLCO1B1 and Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012. PMID:22617227
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy: 2014 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24918167
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 and statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:35152405

mafenide

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

meloxicam

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C9 and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32189324

mercaptopurine

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

NUDT15:*1/*1;
TPMT:*1/*1

Phenotypes

NUDT15:: Normal Metabolizer
TPMT:: Normal Metabolizer

Activity Scores

NUDT15:: N/A
TPMT:: N/A

NUDT15: Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression
TPMT: Lower concentrations of TGN metabolites, higher MeTIMP, this is the ‘normal’ pattern. Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression.

Start with normal starting dose (e.g., 75 mg/m2/day or 1.5 mg/kg/day) and adjust doses of mercaptopurine (and of any other myelosuppressive therapy) without any special emphasis on mercaptopurine compared to other agents. Allow at least 2 weeks to reach steady-state after each dose adjustment (PMID 20354201, 16401827, 11302950).

Normal starting doses vary by race/ethnicity and treatment regimens. If standard dose is below normal recommended dose, dose reduction might not be recommended for intermediate metabolizers.

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

NUDT15:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

NUDT15: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on mercaptopurine.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for mercaptopurine in normal metabolizers

N/A

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

TPMT:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

TPMT: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on mercaptopurine.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for mercaptopurine in normal metabolizers.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21270794
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for Thiopurine Methyltransferase Genotype and Thiopurine Dosing: 2013 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23422873
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for thiopurine dosing based on TPMT and NUDT15 genotypes: 2018 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30447069

methoxyflurane

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CACNA1S:Reference/
Reference;
RYR1:Reference/
Reference

Phenotypes

CACNA1S:: Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:: Uncertain Susceptibility

Activity Scores

CACNA1S:: N/A
RYR1:: N/A

CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).

Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants.

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for the use of potent volatile anesthetic agents and succinylcholine in the context of RYR1 or CACNA1S genotypes. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30499100

methylene blue

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

metoprolol

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The gene variation reduces the conversion of metoprolol to inactive metabolites. However, the clinical consequences are limited mainly to the occurrence of asymptomatic bradycardia.

If a GRADUAL REDUCTION in HEART RATE is desired, or in the event of SYMPTOMATIC BRADYCARDIA: 1. use smaller steps in dose titration and/or prescribe no more than 50% of the standard dose. OTHER CASES: 1. no action required

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

nalidixic acid

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

nitrofurantoin

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

norfloxacin

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

nortriptyline

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers. Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects.

Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of tricyclic antidepressants for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain.

Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be increased, because the gene variation leads to an increased plasma concentration of nortriptyline.

Use 60% of the standard dose and monitor the effect and side effects or the plasma concentration of nortriptyline in order to set the maintenance dose. The therapeutic range of nortriptyline is 50-150 ng/mL. Values exceeding 250 ng/mL are considered toxic.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC®) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants: 2016 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:27997040
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23486447

ofloxacin

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

omeprazole

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal PPI metabolism; may be at increased risk of therapeutic failure compared to CYP2C19 IMs and PMs

N/A

Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C19 and Proton Pump Inhibitor Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32770672

ondansetron

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Very limited data available for CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers

Insufficient evidence demonstrating clinical impact based on CYP2D6 genotype. Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose.

Drug-drug interactions and other patient characteristics (e.g., age, renal function, and liver function) should be considered when selecting alternative therapy.

No Recommendation

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 Genotype and Use of Ondansetron and Tropisetron. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:28002639

oxcarbazepine

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
OXC use >3 mos

Genotype

HLA-B:*15:02/*57:01

Activity Score

N/A

HLA-B: Greater risk of oxcarbazepine-induced SJS/TEN

The latency period for drug-induced SJS/TEN is short with continuous dosing and adherence to therapy (~4-28 days), and cases usually occur within three months of dosing; therefore, if the patient has previously used oxcarbazepine consistently for longer than three months without incidence of cutaneous adverse reactions, cautiously consider use of oxcarbazepine in the future.

Previous tolerance of oxcarbazepine is not indicative of tolerance to other aromatic anticonvulsants. Aromatic anticonvulsants include carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, and phenobarbital.

Optional

CPIC ¹

Population:
OXC naive

Genotype

HLA-B:*15:02/*57:01

HLA-B: Greater risk of oxcarbazepine-induced SJS/TEN

If patient is oxcarbazepine-naïve, do not use oxcarbazepine.

Other aromatic anticonvulsants have weaker evidence linking SJS/TEN with the HLA-B*15:02 allele; however, caution should still be used in choosing an alternative agent. Aromatic anticonvulsants include carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, and phenobarbital.

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for HLA-B Genotype and Carbamazepine Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23695185
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for HLA Genotype and Use of Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine: 2017 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:29392710

pantoprazole

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal PPI metabolism; may be at increased risk of therapeutic failure compared to CYP2C19 IMs and PMs

N/A

Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C19 and Proton Pump Inhibitor Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32770672

paromomycin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

MT-RNR1:1555A>G

Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies.

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for the use of aminoglycosides based on MT-RNR1 genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:34032273

paroxetine

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism when compared to normal metabolizers. Higher plasma concentrations may increase the probability of side effects.

Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose

N/A

Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The plasma concentration of paroxetine can increase as a result of the reduced activity of CYP2D6. However, studies did not find any clinical effects.

NO action is needed for this gene-drug interaction.

N/A

Citations:

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction between CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 and SSRIs. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2022. PMID:34782755
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2015. PMID:25974703

peginterferon alfa-2a

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for IFNL3/4 rs12979860 reference (C)/rs12979860 reference (C).

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for IFNL3 (IL28B) genotype and peginterferon alpha based regimens. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:24096968

peginterferon alfa-2b

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for IFNL3/4 rs12979860 reference (C)/rs12979860 reference (C).

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for IFNL3 (IL28B) genotype and peginterferon alpha based regimens. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:24096968

pegloticase

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

phenazopyridine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

phenprocoumon

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

VKORC1:
rs9923231 reference (C)/
rs9923231 reference (C)

VKORC1: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype) on phenprocoumon.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for phenprocoumon in patients with the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype).

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

phenytoin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
PHT use >3mos

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1;
HLA-B:*15:02/*57:01

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal phenytoin metabolism
HLA-B: Increased risk of phenytoin-induced SJS/TEN

Previous tolerance of phenytoin is not indicative of tolerance to other aromatic anticonvulsants.

Optional

CPIC ¹

Population:
PHT naive

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1;
HLA-B:*15:02/*57:01

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal phenytoin metabolism
HLA-B: Increased risk of phenytoin-induced SJS/TEN

If patient is phenytoin-naive, do not use phenytoin/fosphenytoin. Avoid carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine.

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C9: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on phenytoin.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for phenytoin in normal metabolizers.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for CYP2C9 and HLA-B Genotype and Phenytoin Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:25099164
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C9 and HLA-B Genotypes and Phenytoin Dosing: 2020 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32779747

pimozide

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of QT-prolongation – and thereby also the risk of torsade de points – is theoretically increased, because the genetic variation results in an increase in the plasma concentration of pimozide. The elevated plasma concentration and associated theoretical increased risk of QT elongation can be negated by following the dose recommendations provided below.

Use no more than the following doses (80% of the standard maximum dose): 12 years and older: 16 mg/day younger than 12 years: 0.08 mg/kg per day to a maximum of 3 mg/day

N/A

piroxicam

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C9 and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32189324

pitavastatin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

SLCO1B1:*1/*1;
rs4149056:T/T

Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure

Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines.

The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin.

Strong

Citations:

The Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium: Guideline for SLCO1B1 and Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012. PMID:22617227
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy: 2014 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24918167
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 and statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:35152405

plazomicin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

MT-RNR1:1555A>G

Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies.

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for the use of aminoglycosides based on MT-RNR1 genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:34032273

pravastatin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

SLCO1B1:*1/*1;
rs4149056:T/T

Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure

Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines.

The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin.

Strong

Citations:

The Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium: Guideline for SLCO1B1 and Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012. PMID:22617227
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy: 2014 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24918167
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 and statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:35152405

primaquine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

propafenone

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: Genetic variation increases the sum of the plasma concentrations of propafenone and the active metabolite 5-hydroxypropafenone. This may increase the risk of side effects.

It is not possible to offer adequately substantiated recommendations for dose adjustment based on the literature.

Either guide the dose by therapeutic drug monitoring, perform an ECG and be alert to side effects
Or choose an alternative. Antiarrhythmic drugs that are hardly if at all metabolised by CYP2D6 include, for example, sotalol, disopyramide, quinidine and amiodarone.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

quetiapine

The CYP3A4 alleles are determined based on PharmVar CYP3A4 allele definitions. See PharmCAT disclaimer for further information.

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP3A4:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP3A4: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on quetiapine.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for quetiapine in normal metabolizers.

N/A

quinine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

rasburicase

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

risperidone

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: There is little evidence to support an increase in side effects caused by the gene variation. The gene variation may lead to a decrease in the required maintenance dose. However, as the effect on the dose is smaller than that of the normal biological variation, action is not useful.

NO action is needed for this gene-drug interaction.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

rosuvastatin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

ABCG2:
rs2231142 reference (G)/
rs2231142 reference (G);
SLCO1B1:*1/*1;
rs4149056:T/T

Phenotypes

ABCG2:: Normal Function
SLCO1B1:: Normal Function

ABCG2: Typical myopathy risk and rosuvastatin exposure
SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure

Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses of rosuvastatin based on disease-specific and specific population guidelines.

The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and Asian ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating rosuvastatin.

Strong

Citations:

The Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium: Guideline for SLCO1B1 and Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012. PMID:22617227
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy: 2014 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24918167
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 and statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:35152405

sertraline

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism

Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose

N/A

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction between CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 and SSRIs. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2022. PMID:34782755
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2015. PMID:25974703

sevoflurane

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CACNA1S:Reference/
Reference;
RYR1:Reference/
Reference

Phenotypes

CACNA1S:: Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:: Uncertain Susceptibility

Activity Scores

CACNA1S:: N/A
RYR1:: N/A

CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).

Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants.

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for the use of potent volatile anesthetic agents and succinylcholine in the context of RYR1 or CACNA1S genotypes. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30499100

simvastatin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

SLCO1B1:*1/*1;
rs4149056:T/T

Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure

Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines.

The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin.

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

No annotation for SLCO1B1 *1/*1.

Citations:

The Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium: Guideline for SLCO1B1 and Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012. PMID:22617227
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy: 2014 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24918167
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 and statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:35152405

siponimod

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C9: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on siponimod.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for siponimod in normal metabolizers.

N/A

streptomycin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

MT-RNR1:1555A>G

Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies.

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for the use of aminoglycosides based on MT-RNR1 genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:34032273

succinylcholine

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CACNA1S:Reference/
Reference;
RYR1:Reference/
Reference

Phenotypes

CACNA1S:: Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:: Uncertain Susceptibility

Activity Scores

CACNA1S:: N/A
RYR1:: N/A

CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).

Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants.

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for the use of potent volatile anesthetic agents and succinylcholine in the context of RYR1 or CACNA1S genotypes. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30499100

sulfadiazine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

sulfadimidine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

sulfanilamide

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

sulfasalazine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

sulfisoxazole

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

tacrolimus

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP3A5:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP3A5: Lower dose-adjusted trough concentrations of tacrolimus and decreased chance of achieving target tacrolimus concentrations.

Increase starting dose 1.5 to 2 times recommended starting dose. Total starting dose should not exceed 0.3 mg/kg/day. Use therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.

This recommendation includes the use of tacrolimus in kidney, heart, lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, and liver transplant patients where the donor and recipient genotypes are identical. Further dose adjustments or selection of alternative therapy may be necessary due to other clinical factors (e.g., medication interactions, or hepatic function). Typically with other CYP enzymes, a normal metabolizer would be classified as having normal metabolism, and therefore, the drug dose would not change based on the patient’s genotype. However, in the case of CYP3A5 and tacrolimus, a CYP3A5 expresser (i.e., CYP3A5 normal metabolizer or intermediate metabolizer) would require a higher recommended starting dose, and the CYP3A5 non-expresser (i.e., poor metabolizer) would require the standard recommended starting dose.

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP3A5:*1/*1

CYP3A5: An increase of the initial dose can result in an increased chance of reaching a tacrolimus concentration within the target range before the start of therapeutic drug monitoring. However, there is no direct evidence that this results in improved clinical results. The genetic variation results in an increased conversion of tacrolimus to inactive metabolites and therefore a higher required dose.

LIVER TRANSPLANTATION In addition to the patient’s genotype, the metabolism of tacrolimus is also determined by the genotype of the transplanted liver. LIVER is also of the genotype HOMOZYGOUS EXPRESSOR: Use 2.5 times the normal initial dose. Adjustment of the dose should then be based on therapeutic drug monitoring. LIVER has a DIFFERENT genotype: There is insufficient evidence in the literature to support a dose recommendation. OTHER TRANSPLANTATION Use 2.5 times the initial dose that would yield the desired result in non-expressers. Adjustment of the dose should then be based on therapeutic drug monitoring. For example: One Dutch study found a median trough concentration for tacrolimus after three days of 9.4 ng/mL at an initial dose of 0.15 mg/kg twice daily for 5 homozygous kidney transplant patients. Their target value was 10 - 15 ng/mL.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium (CPIC) guidelines for CYP3A5 genotype and tacrolimus dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2015. PMID:25801146

tafenoquine

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

tamoxifen

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Lower endoxifen concentrations compared to normal metabolizers; higher risk of breast cancer recurrence, event-free and recurrence-free survival compared to normal metabolizers.

Consider hormonal therapy such as an aromatase inhibitor for postmenopausal women or aromatase inhibitor along with ovarian function suppression in premenopausal women, given that these approaches are superior to tamoxifen regardless of CYP2D6 genotype (PMID 26211827). If aromatase inhibitor use is contraindicated, consideration should be given to use a higher but FDA approved tamoxifen dose (40 mg/day)(PMID 27226358). Avoid CYP2D6 strong to weak inhibitors.

N/A

Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: This gene variation reduces the conversion of tamoxifen to the active metabolite endoxifen. This can result in reduced effectiveness.

Select an alternative or measure the endoxifen concentration and increase the dose if necessary by a factor of 1.5-2. Aromatase inhibitors are a possible alternative for post-menopausal women.
If TAMOXIFEN is selected: avoid co-medication with CYP2D6 inhibitors such as paroxetine and fluoxetine

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen Therapy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:29385237

tegafur

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

DPYD:Reference/
Reference

Activity Score

DPYD: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a DPYD activity score of 2 on tegafur.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for tegafur in patients with a DPYD activity score of 2.

N/A

Citations:

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction of DPYD and fluoropyrimidines. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2019. PMID:31745289
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

tenoxicam

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism

N/A

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2C9 and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020. PMID:32189324

thioguanine

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

NUDT15:*1/*1;
TPMT:*1/*1

Phenotypes

NUDT15:: Normal Metabolizer
TPMT:: Normal Metabolizer

Activity Scores

NUDT15:: N/A
TPMT:: N/A

NUDT15: Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression
TPMT: Lower concentrations of TGN metabolites, but note that TGN after thioguanine are 5-10X higher than TGN after mercaptopurine or azathioprine. Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression.

Start with normal starting dose (e.g., 40-60 mg/m2/day) and adjust doses of thioguanine and of other myelosuppressive therapy without any special emphasis on thioguanine. Allow 2 weeks to reach steady-state after each dose adjustment (PMID 20354201, 11037857).

Normal starting doses vary by race/ethnicity and treatment regimens. If standard dose is below normal recommended dose, dose reduction might not be recommended for intermediate metabolizers.

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

NUDT15:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

NUDT15: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on thioguanine.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for thioguanine in normal metabolizers

N/A

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

TPMT:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

TPMT: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on thioguanine.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for thioguanine in normal metabolizers.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21270794
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for Thiopurine Methyltransferase Genotype and Thiopurine Dosing: 2013 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23422873
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for thiopurine dosing based on TPMT and NUDT15 genotypes: 2018 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2018. PMID:30447069

tobramycin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

MT-RNR1:1555A>G

Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies.

Strong

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for the use of aminoglycosides based on MT-RNR1 genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:34032273

tolbutamide

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

toluidine blue

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

tramadol

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced O-desmethyltramadol (active metabolite) formation

Use tramadol label recommended age- or weight-specific dosing. If no response and opioid use is warranted, consider non-codeine opioid.

N/A

Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation reduces the conversion of tramadol to a metabolite with a higher activity. This can result in reduced analgesia.

It is not possible to provide a recommendation for dose adjustment, because the total analgesic effect changes when the ratio between the mother compound and the active metabolite changes.

be alert to a reduced effectiveness
in the case of inadequate effectiveness: a. try a dose increase b. if this does not work: choose an alternative. Do not select codeine, as this is also metabolised by CYP2D6. Morphine is not metabolised by CYP2D6. Oxycodone is metabolised by CYP2D6 to a limited extent, but this does not result in differences in analgesia in patients.
if no alternative is selected: advise the patient to report inadequate analgesia

N/A

Citations:

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) guideline for the gene-drug interaction between CYP2D6 and opioids (codeine, tramadol and oxycodone). European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2022. PMID:34267337
Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for Codeine Therapy in the Context of Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:22205192
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014. PMID:24458010
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2D6, OPRM1, and COMT genotype and select opioid therapy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2021. PMID:33387367

trimipramine

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38;
CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotypes

CYP2C19:: Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:: Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Scores

CYP2C19:: N/A
CYP2D6:: 1.0

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects

Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments.

Optional

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC®) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants: 2016 Update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:27997040
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. PMID:23486447

tropisetron

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
general

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Very limited data available for CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers

Insufficient evidence demonstrating clinical impact based on CYP2D6 genotype. Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose.

Drug-drug interactions and other patient characteristics (e.g., age, renal function, and liver function) should be considered when selecting alternative therapy.

No Recommendation

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 Genotype and Use of Ondansetron and Tropisetron. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:28002639

venlafaxine

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: There are indications of an increased risk of side effects and a reduced chance of efficacy. The gene variation reduces the conversion of venlafaxine to the active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine, whilst an association between high O-desmethylvenlafaxine/venlafaxine ratios and response without side effects was found.

It is not possible to offer adequately substantiated advice for dose reduction based on the literature.

avoid venlafaxine. Antidepressants that are not metabolised by CYP2D6 - or to a lesser extent - include, for example, duloxetine, mirtazapine, citalopram and sertraline.
if it is not possible to avoid venlafaxine and side effects occur:

reduce the dose
monitor the effect and side effects or check the plasma concentrations of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine. It is not known whether it is possible to reduce the dose to such an extent that the side effects disappear, while the effectiveness is maintained. In general, it is assumed that the effectiveness is determined by the sum of the plasma concentrations of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine. However, the side effects do not appear to be related to this sum.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

vitamin c

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

vitamin k

Guideline	Genes	Implications	Recommendation	Comments	Classification
CPIC ¹	No annotation for G6PD B (wildtype)/B (wildtype).

Citations:

Expanded Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Medication Use in the Context of G6PD Genotype. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022. PMID:36049896

voriconazole

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
adults

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C19: Normal voriconazole metabolism

Initiate therapy with recommended standard of care dosing

Further dose adjustments or selection of alternative therapy may be necessary due to other clinical factors, such as drug interactions, hepatic function, renal function, species, site of infection, therapeutic drug monitoring, and comorbidities.

Strong

CPIC ¹

Population:
pediatrics

Genotype

CYP2C19:*38/*38

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C19: Normal voriconazole metabolism

Initiate therapy with recommended standard of care dosing

Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC®) Guideline for CYP2C19 and Voriconazole Therapy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016. PMID:27981572

warfarin

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

CPIC ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1;
CYP4F2:*1/*1;
VKORC1:
rs9923231 reference (C)/
rs9923231 reference (C);
rs12777823:G/G

Please follow the flow chart in figure 2 of the CPIC warfarin guideline to determine the appropriate dosing recommendation.

The CPIC warfarin guideline only considers a single SNV in VKORC1 (rs9923231), which has varying frequency among different ancestral populations, and largely explains the differences in average dose requirements between people of European, African, and Asian descents. While other functional variants in VKORC1 have been associated with warfarin resistance (high dose requirements), there are currently no CPIC recommendations for how to use these other variants in warfarin dosing. An alternate name for rs9923231 is -1639G>A (note that VKORC1 is on the negative chromosomal strand, so displayed alleles are complemented).

Figure 2 from the CPIC guideline for warfarin

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2C9:*1/*1

Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C9: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on warfarin.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for warfarin in normal metabolizers.

N/A

PharmGKB-DPWG ^{1, 2}

Population:
N/A

Genotype

VKORC1:
rs9923231 reference (C)/
rs9923231 reference (C)

VKORC1: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype) on warfarin.

The guideline does not provide a recommendation for warfarin in patients with the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype).

N/A

Citations:

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Genotypes and Warfarin Dosing. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21900891
Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium (cpic) guideline for pharmacogenetics-guided warfarin dosing: 2017 update. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2017. PMID:28198005

zuclopenthixol

Guideline

Genes

Implications

Recommendation

Comments

Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG ¹

Population:
N/A

Genotype

CYP2D6:*1/*3

Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be elevated. The genetic variation leads to decreased conversion of zuclopentixol, which causes the plasma concentration to be approximately 1.35-fold higher.

Use 75% of the standard dose.

N/A

Citations:

Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte--an update of guidelines. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011. PMID:21412232

Section III: Allele Matching Details

ABCG2 allele match data
CACNA1S allele match data
CFTR allele match data
CYP2B6 allele match data
CYP2C19 allele match data
CYP2C9 allele match data
CYP2D6 allele match data
CYP3A4 allele match data
CYP3A5 allele match data
CYP4F2 allele match data
DPYD allele match data
G6PD allele match data
HLA-B allele match data
IFNL3/4 allele match data
MT-RNR1 allele match data
NUDT15 allele match data
RYR1 allele match data
SLCO1B1 allele match data
TPMT allele match data
UGT1A1 allele match data
VKORC1 allele match data

No data provided for F5, HLA-A.

ABCG2 allele match data

Genotype Matched:

rs2231142 reference (G)/rs2231142 reference (G)

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles	Warnings
chr4:88131171	rs2231142	G/G	G	rs2231142 variant (T)

CACNA1S allele match data

Genotype Matched:

Reference/Reference

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CACNA1S Reference allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles	Warnings
chr1:201060815	rs1800559	C/C	C	c.3257G>A
chr1:201091993	rs772226819	G/G	G	c.520C>T

CFTR allele match data

Genotype Matched:

No CPIC variants found

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles
chr7:117509035	rs397508256	G/G	G	E56K
chr7:117509069	rs368505753	C/C	C	P67L
chr7:117509089	rs115545701	C/C	C	R74W
chr7:117530953	rs113993958	G/G	G	D110H
chr7:117530955	rs397508537	C/C	C	D110E
chr7:117530974	rs77834169	C/C	C	R117C
chr7:117530975	rs78655421	G/G	G	R117H
chr7:117534318	rs80282562	G/G	G	G178R
chr7:117534363	rs397508759	G/G	G	E193K
chr7:117534368	rs397508761	A/A	A	711+3A->G
chr7:117535285	rs121908752	T/T	T	L206W
chr7:117540270	rs77932196	G/G	G	R347H
chr7:117540285	rs121908753	G/G	G	R352Q
chr7:117548795	rs74551128	C/C	C	A455E
chr7:117587799	rs121908757	A/A	A	S549R(A>C)
chr7:117587800	rs121908755	G/G	G	S549N
chr7:117587801	rs121909005	T/T	T	S549R(T>G)
chr7:117587805	rs121909013	G/G	G	G551S
chr7:117587806	rs75527207	G/G	G	G551D
chr7:117590409	rs397508288	A/A	A	D579G
chr7:117594930	rs397508387	G/G	G	E831X
chr7:117602868	rs80224560	G/G	G	2789+5G->A
chr7:117603708	rs397508442	C/C	C	S945L
chr7:117606695	rs141033578	C/C	C	S977F
chr7:117611555	rs76151804	A/A	A	3272-26A->G
chr7:117611595	rs150212784	T/T	T	F1052V
chr7:117611620	rs397508513	A/A	A	K1060T
chr7:117611640	rs121909020	G/G	G	A1067T
chr7:117611646	rs200321110	G/G	G	G1069R
chr7:117611649	rs202179988	C/C	C	R1070W
chr7:117611650	rs78769542	G/G	G	R1070Q
chr7:117611663	rs186045772	T/T	T	F1074L
chr7:117614699	rs75541969	G/G	G	D1152H
chr7:117639961	rs75039782	C/C	C	3849+10kbC->T
chr7:117642451	rs267606723	G/G	G	G1244E
chr7:117642472	rs74503330	G/G	G	S1251N
chr7:117642483	rs121909041	T/T	T	S1255P
chr7:117642528	rs11971167	G/G	G	D1270N
chr7:117664770	rs193922525	G/G	G	G1349D

CYP2B6 allele match data

Genotype Matched:

*1/*1

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP2B6 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles
chr19:40991224	rs34223104	T/T	T	22 34 35 36
chr19:40991367	rs34883432	A/A	A	*10
chr19:40991369	rs8192709	C/C	C	2 10
chr19:40991381	rs33973337	A/A	A	*17
chr19:40991388	rs33980385	A/A	A	*17
chr19:40991390	rs33926104	C/C	C	*17
chr19:40991391	rs34284776	G/G	G	*17
chr19:40991441	rs35303484	A/A	A	*11
chr19:41004015	rs281864907	T/T	T	*38
chr19:41004125	rs36060847	G/G	G	*12
chr19:41004158	rs186335453	G/G	G	*35
chr19:41004303	rs139801276	T/T	T	*35
chr19:41004377	rs12721655	A/A	A	8 13
chr19:41004381	rs35773040	G/G	G	*14
chr19:41004406	rs145884402	G/G	G	*35
chr19:41006919	rs3826711	C/C	C	*26
chr19:41006923	rs36056539	C/C	C	*20
chr19:41006936	rs3745274	G/G	G	6 7 9 13 19 20 26 34 36 37 *38
chr19:41006968	rs373489637	T/T	T	*37
chr19:41007013	rs36079186	T/T	T	27 35
chr19:41009350	rs45482602	C/C	C	*3
chr19:41009358	rs2279343	A/A	A	4 6 7 13 18 19 20 26 34 36 37 38
chr19:41010006	rs139029625	G/G	G	*35
chr19:41010088	rs34698757	C/C	C	*28
chr19:41010108	rs193922917	C/C	C	*31
chr19:41012316	rs28399499	T/T	T	*18
chr19:41012339	rs34826503	C/C	C	*19
chr19:41012465	rs34097093	C/C	C	*28
chr19:41012693	rs35979566	T/T	T	*15
chr19:41012740	rs193922918	G/G	G	*32
chr19:41012803	rs35010098	C/C	C	*21
chr19:41016726	rs3211369	A/A	A	*23
chr19:41016778	rs564083989	G/G	G	*24
chr19:41016805		A/A	A	*25
chr19:41016810	rs3211371	C/C	C	5 7 33 34

CYP2C19 allele match data

Genotype Matched:

*38/*38

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP2C19 *38 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles
chr10:94761900	rs12248560	C/C	C	1 4 *17
chr10:94762706	rs28399504	A/A	A	1 4
chr10:94762712	rs367543002	C/C	C	1 34
chr10:94762715	rs367543003	T/T	T	1 34
chr10:94762755	rs55752064	T/T	T	1 14
chr10:94762760	rs17882687	A/A	A	1 15 28 35 *39
chr10:94762788	rs1564656981	A/A	A	1 29
chr10:94762856	rs1564657013	A/A	A	1 19
chr10:94775106	rs145328984	C/C	C	1 30
chr10:94775121	rs1564660997	C/C	C	1 31
chr10:94775160	rs118203756	G/G	G	1 23
chr10:94775185	rs1288601658	A/A	A	1 32
chr10:94775367	rs12769205	A/A	A	1 2 *35
chr10:94775416	rs41291556	T/T	T	1 8
chr10:94775423	rs17885179	A/A	A	1 39
chr10:94775453	rs72552267	G/G	G	1 6
chr10:94775489	rs17884712	G/G	G	1 9
chr10:94775507	rs58973490	G/G	G	1 2 *11
chr10:94780574	rs140278421	G/G	G	1 22
chr10:94780579	rs370803989	G/G	G	1 33
chr10:94780653	rs4986893	G/G	G	1 3
chr10:94781858	rs6413438	C/C	C	1 10
chr10:94781859	rs4244285	G/G	G	1 2
chr10:94781944	rs375781227	G/G	G	1 26
chr10:94781999	rs72558186	T/T	T	1 7
chr10:94842861	rs138142612	G/G	G	1 18
chr10:94842866	rs3758581	A/A	A	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 31 32 33 35 39
chr10:94842879	rs118203757	G/G	G	1 24
chr10:94842995	rs113934938	G/G	G	1 28
chr10:94849995	rs17879685	C/C	C	1 13
chr10:94852738	rs56337013	C/C	C	1 5
chr10:94852765	rs192154563	C/C	C	1 16
chr10:94852785	rs118203759	C/C	C	1 25
chr10:94852914	rs55640102	A/A	A	1 12

CYP2C9 allele match data

Genotype Matched:

*1/*1

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP2C9 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles
chr10:94938683	rs114071557	A/A	A	*36
chr10:94938719		T/T	T	*80
chr10:94938737	rs67807361	C/C	C	*7
chr10:94938771	rs142240658	C/C	C	*21
chr10:94938788		C/C	C	*83
chr10:94938800	rs1364419386	G/G	G	*76
chr10:94938803	rs2031308986	A/A	A	*22
chr10:94938828	rs564813580	A/A	A	*37
chr10:94941897	rs371055887	G/G	G	*20
chr10:94941915		G/G	G	*23
chr10:94941958	rs72558187	T/T	T	*13
chr10:94941975		G/G	G	*77
chr10:94941976		G/G	G	*38
chr10:94941982	rs762239445	G/G	G	*39
chr10:94942018		T/T	T	*40
chr10:94942205	rs1304490498	CAATGGAAAGA/CAATGGAAAGA	CAATGGAAAGA	*25
chr10:94942216	rs774607211	A/A	A	*41
chr10:94942230	rs767576260	C/C	C	*43
chr10:94942231	rs12414460	G/G	G	*42
chr10:94942233	rs375805362	C/C	C	*62
chr10:94942234	rs72558189	G/G	G	14 35
chr10:94942243	rs1375956433	T/T	T	*78
chr10:94942249	rs200965026	C/C	C	26 44
chr10:94942254	rs199523631	C/C	C	*45
chr10:94942255	rs200183364	G/G	G	*33
chr10:94942290	rs1799853	C/C	C	2 35 *61
chr10:94942291	rs141489852	G/G	G	*63
chr10:94942305	rs754487195	G/G	G	*46
chr10:94942306	rs1289704600	C/C	C	*72
chr10:94942308	rs17847037	C/C	C	*73
chr10:94942309	rs7900194	G/G	G	8 27
chr10:94947782	rs72558190	C/C	C	*15
chr10:94947785	rs774550549	C/C	C	*47
chr10:94947869		A/A	A	*69
chr10:94947907		A/A	A	*57
chr10:94947917	rs1326630788	T/T	T	*48
chr10:94947938	rs2031531005	A/A	A	*28
chr10:94947939	rs370100007	G/G	G	*74
chr10:94949129		A/A	A	*49
chr10:94949144		C/C	C	*50
chr10:94949145	rs772782449	C/C	C	*82
chr10:94949161		AT/AT	AT	*85
chr10:94949217	rs2256871	A/A	A	*9
chr10:94949280	rs9332130	A/A	A	10 71
chr10:94949281	rs9332131	GA/GA	GA	*6
chr10:94972119	rs182132442	C/C	C	*29
chr10:94972123		C/C	C	*64
chr10:94972134		A/A	A	*51
chr10:94972179	rs72558192	A/A	A	*16
chr10:94972180	rs988617574	C/C	C	*52
chr10:94972183		A/A	A	*81
chr10:94972233	rs1237225311	C/C	C	*53
chr10:94981199		G/G	G	*65
chr10:94981201	rs57505750	T/T	T	*31
chr10:94981224	rs28371685	C/C	C	*11
chr10:94981225	rs367826293	G/G	G	*34
chr10:94981230	rs1274535931	C/C	C	*58
chr10:94981250	rs750820937	C/C	C	*54
chr10:94981258	rs1297714792	C/C	C	*79
chr10:94981281	rs749060448	G/G	G	*24
chr10:94981296	rs1057910	A/A	A	3 18 *68
chr10:94981297	rs56165452	T/T	T	*4
chr10:94981301	rs28371686	C/C	C	*5
chr10:94981302	rs1250577724	C/C	C	*55
chr10:94981305	rs578144976	C/C	C	*66
chr10:94981365		C/C	C	*17
chr10:94981371	rs542577750	G/G	G	*68
chr10:94986042	rs764211126	A/A	A	*56
chr10:94986073	rs72558193	A/A	A	*18
chr10:94986136	rs1254213342	A/A	A	*75
chr10:94986174	rs1441296358	G/G	G	*84
chr10:94988852	rs776908257	C/C	C	*67
chr10:94988855		A/A	A	*59
chr10:94988880		G/G	G	*70
chr10:94988917	rs769942899	G/G	G	*19
chr10:94988925	rs202201137	A/A	A	*61
chr10:94988955	rs767284820	T/T	T	*60
chr10:94988984	rs781583846	G/G	G	*30
chr10:94989020	rs9332239	C/C	C	12 71
chr10:94989023	rs868182778	G/G	G	*32

Other Positions of Interest

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF
chr10:94645745	rs12777823	G/G

CYP2D6 allele match data

Genotype Reported:	1/3

This comes from an outside data source which does not supply position-level detail. For specific disclaimers and limitations, see the original genotyping source.

CYP3A4 allele match data

Genotype Matched:

*1/*1

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP3A4 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

The CYP3A4 alleles are determined based on PharmVar CYP3A4 allele definitions. See PharmCAT disclaimer for further information.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles
chr7:99758183	rs67666821	G/G	G	*20
chr7:99760836	rs4986913	G/G	G	*19
chr7:99760901	rs4986910	A/A	A	3 37
chr7:99760956	rs774109750	T/T	T	*34
chr7:99762047	rs4986909	G/G	G	*13
chr7:99762177	rs12721629	G/G	G	*12
chr7:99762186	rs756833413	C/C	C	*33
chr7:99762206	rs67784355	G/G	G	*11
chr7:99763843	rs2242480	C/C	C	8 9 12 15 16 18 19 23 24 28 *36
chr7:99763877	rs368296206	A/A	A	*32
chr7:99763909	rs1303250043	G/G	G	*31
chr7:99763925		T/T	T	*21
chr7:99764003	rs28371759	A/A	A	*18
chr7:99766411	rs4646438	G/G	G	*6
chr7:99766440	rs138105638	G/G	G	*26
chr7:99768360	rs55785340	A/A	A	*2
chr7:99768371	rs55901263	G/G	G	*5
chr7:99768424	rs113667357	T/T	T	*24
chr7:99768458	rs4987161	A/A	A	*17
chr7:99768470	rs12721627	G/G	G	*16
chr7:99768693	rs35599367	G/G	G	22 37
chr7:99769769	rs4986908	C/C	C	*10
chr7:99769781	rs72552798	C/C	C	*9
chr7:99769804	rs4986907	C/C	C	*15
chr7:99769805	rs57409622	G/G	G	*23
chr7:99770165	rs72552799	C/C	C	*8
chr7:99770166	rs778013004	G/G	G	*30
chr7:99770202	rs55951658	T/T	T	*4
chr7:99770217	rs1449865051	A/A	A	*29
chr7:99778079	rs56324128	C/C	C	*7
chr7:99784018	rs570051168	G/G	G	*28
chr7:99784038	rs12721634	A/A	A	*14
chr7:99784075	rs188389063	G/G	G	*35

CYP3A5 allele match data

Genotype Matched:

*1/*1

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP3A5 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles
chr7:99652770	rs41303343	T/T	T	*7
chr7:99660516	rs28383479	C/C	C	*9
chr7:99665212	rs10264272	C/C	C	*6
chr7:99672916	rs776746	T/T	T	*3
chr7:99676198	rs55817950	G/G	G	*8

CYP4F2 allele match data

Genotype Matched:

*1/*1

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP4F2 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles	Warnings
chr19:15879621	rs2108622	C/C	C	*3
chr19:15897578	rs3093105	A/A	A	*2

DPYD allele match data

Genotype Matched:	Reference/Reference
Phasing Status:	Unphased

The DPYD Reference allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles
chr1:97078987	rs114096998	G/G	G	c.3067C>A
chr1:97078993	rs148799944	C/C	C	c.3061G>C
chr1:97079005	rs140114515	C/C	C	c.3049G>A
chr1:97079071	rs1801268	C/C	C	c.2983G>T (*10)
chr1:97079076	rs139459586	A/A	A	c.2978T>G
chr1:97079077	rs202144771	G/G	G	c.2977C>T
chr1:97079121	rs72547601	T/T	T	c.2933A>G
chr1:97079133	rs72547602	T/T	T	c.2921A>T
chr1:97079139	rs145529148	T/T	T	c.2915A>G
chr1:97082365	rs141044036	T/T	T	c.2872A>G
chr1:97082391	rs67376798	T/T	T	c.2846A>T
chr1:97098598	rs1801267	C/C	C	c.2657G>A (*9B)
chr1:97098599	rs147545709	G/G	G	c.2656C>T
chr1:97098616	rs55674432	C/C	C	c.2639G>T
chr1:97098632	rs201035051	T/T	T	c.2623A>C
chr1:97193109	rs60139309	T/T	T	c.2582A>G
chr1:97193209	rs200687447	C/C	C	c.2482G>A
chr1:97234958	rs199634007	G/G	G	c.2336C>A
chr1:97234991	rs56005131	G/G	G	c.2303C>A
chr1:97305279	rs112766203	G/G	G	c.2279C>T
chr1:97305363	rs60511679	A/A	A	c.2195T>G
chr1:97305364	rs1801160	C/C	C	c.2194G>A (*6)
chr1:97305372	rs146529561	G/G	G	c.2186C>T
chr1:97306195	rs145548112	C/C	C	c.2161G>A
chr1:97373598	rs137999090	C/C	C	c.2021G>A
chr1:97373629	rs138545885	C/C	C	c.1990G>T
chr1:97382461	rs55971861	T/T	T	c.1906A>C
chr1:97450058	rs3918290	C/C	C	c.1905+1G>A (*2A)
chr1:97450059	rs3918289	G/G	G	c.1905C>G
chr1:97450065	rs72549303	TG/TG	TG	c.1898delC (*3)
chr1:97450068	rs17376848	A/A	A	c.1896T>C
chr1:97450168	rs147601618	A/A	A	c.1796T>C
chr1:97450187	rs145773863	C/C	C	c.1777G>A
chr1:97450189	rs138616379	C/C	C	c.1775G>A
chr1:97450190	rs59086055	G/G	G	c.1774C>T
chr1:97515784	rs201615754	C/C	C	c.1682G>T
chr1:97515787	rs55886062	A/A	A	c.1679T>G (*13)
chr1:97515839	rs1801159	T/T	T	c.1627A>G (*5)
chr1:97515851	rs142619737	C/C	C	c.1615G>A
chr1:97515865	rs1801158	C/C	C	c.1601G>A (*4)
chr1:97515889	rs190951787	G/G	G	c.1577C>G
chr1:97515923	rs148994843	C/C	C	c.1543G>A
chr1:97549565	rs138391898	C/C	C	c.1519G>A
chr1:97549600	rs111858276	T/T	T	c.1484A>G
chr1:97549609	rs72549304	G/G	G	c.1475C>T
chr1:97549681	rs199549923	G/G	G	c.1403C>A
chr1:97549713	rs57918000	G/G	G	c.1371C>T
chr1:97549726	rs144395748	G/G	G	c.1358C>G
chr1:97549735	rs72975710	G/G	G	c.1349C>T
chr1:97573785	rs186169810	A/A	A	c.1314T>G
chr1:97573805	rs142512579	C/C	C	c.1294G>A
chr1:97573821	rs764666241	C/C	C	c.1278G>T
chr1:97573839	rs200064537	A/A	A	c.1260T>A
chr1:97573863	rs56038477	C/C	C	c.1129-5923C>G, c.1236G>A (HapB3)
chr1:97573881	rs61622928	C/C	C	c.1218G>A
chr1:97573918	rs143815742	C/C	C	c.1181G>T
chr1:97573919	rs140602333	G/G	G	c.1180C>T
chr1:97573943	rs78060119	C/C	C	c.1156G>T (*12)
chr1:97579893	rs75017182	G/G	G	c.1129-5923C>G, c.1236G>A (HapB3)
chr1:97593238	rs72549305	T/T	T	c.1108A>G
chr1:97593289	rs143154602	G/G	G	c.1057C>T
chr1:97593322	rs183385770	C/C	C	c.1024G>A
chr1:97593343	rs72549306	C/C	C	c.1003G>T (*11)
chr1:97593379	rs201018345	C/C	C	c.967G>A
chr1:97595083	rs145112791	G/G	G	c.934C>T
chr1:97595088	rs150437414	A/A	A	c.929T>C
chr1:97595149	rs146356975	T/T	T	c.868A>G
chr1:97679170	rs45589337	T/T	T	c.775A>G
chr1:97691776	rs1801266	G/G	G	c.703C>T (*8)
chr1:97699399	rs72549307	T/T	T	c.632A>G
chr1:97699430	rs72549308	T/T	T	c.601A>C
chr1:97699474	rs115232898	T/T	T	c.557A>G
chr1:97699506	rs6670886	C/C	C	c.525G>A
chr1:97699533	rs139834141	C/C	C	c.498G>A
chr1:97699535	rs2297595	T/T	T	c.496A>G
chr1:97721542	rs200562975	T/T	T	c.451A>G
chr1:97721650	rs141462178	T/T	T	c.343A>G
chr1:97740400	rs150385342	C/C	C	c.313G>A
chr1:97740410	rs72549309	GATGA/GATGA	GATGA	c.295_298delTCAT (*7)
chr1:97883329	rs1801265	A/A	A	c.85T>C (*9A)
chr1:97883352	rs80081766	C/C	C	c.62G>A
chr1:97883353	rs72549310	G/G	G	c.61C>T
chr1:97883368	rs150036960	G/G	G	c.46C>G

G6PD allele match data

Genotype Reported:	B (wildtype)/B (wildtype)

This comes from an outside data source which does not supply position-level detail. For specific disclaimers and limitations, see the original genotyping source.

PharmCAT would have called B (reference)/B (reference) based on the VCF but it has been ignored in favor of the outside call. If you want to use the PharmCAT call for this gene then remove the gene from the outside call data.

HLA-B allele match data

Genotype Reported:	15:02/57:01

This comes from an outside data source which does not supply position-level detail. For specific disclaimers and limitations, see the original genotyping source.

IFNL3/4 allele match data

Genotype Matched:

rs12979860 reference (C)/rs12979860 reference (C)

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles	Warnings
chr19:39248147	rs12979860	C/C	C	rs12979860 variant (T)

MT-RNR1 allele match data

Genotype Reported:	1555A>G

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles
chr2:233759924	rs887829	C/C	C	80 80+28 80+*37
chr2:233760233	rs3064744	CAT/CAT	CAT	28 36 37 80+28 80+*37
chr2:233760498	rs4148323	G/G	G	*6
chr2:233760973	rs35350960	C/C	C	*27

VKORC1 allele match data

Genotype Matched:

rs9923231 reference (C)/rs9923231 reference (C)

Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF	RSID	Call in VCF	Reference	Related Alleles	Warnings
chr16:31096368	rs9923231	C/C	C	rs9923231 variant (T)

Section IV: Disclaimers and Other Information

Liability: PhamCAT assumes no responsibility for any injury to person or damage to persons or property arising out of, or related to any use of PharmCAT, or for any errors or omissions. The user recognizes that PharmCAT is a research tool and that they are using PharmCAT at their own risk.

A. Allele and Genotype Determination

PharmCAT uses gene allele definitions included in the CPIC database, with exceptions as noted in Gene Definition Exceptions document. For allele definitions and the positions used in PharmCAT, see the gene definition tables.
PharmCAT results are dependent on the supplied vcf calls for the queried positions (for technical information about PharmCAT input formatting and requirements, please go to pharmcat.org). PharmCAT does not assume any reference calls for positions missing from the submitted vcf file; all missing queried positions are not considered in the allele determination process. See the gene definition tables for more information about what positions are queried in the vcf file. Missing positions might alter the assigned genotype, subsequent phenotype prediction and CPIC recommendation. If the supplied vcf file is missing positions, those positions will be noted in Section III: Allele Matching Details for each gene of this report. For the most reliable allele determination, reference calls as well as variant calls in the vcf file for every queried position must be provided by the user.
For cytochrome P450 genes, TPMT, NUDT15, UGT1A1, and SLCO1B1, the *1 allele is defined by the absence of variation specified in the gene definition tables. This allele cannot be identified by variants; rather, *1 is assigned by default when no variation for the queried positions is reported in the submitted vcf file. The same is true for all other genes with multiple variant positions in the definition table (CACNA1S, CFTR, DPYD, RYR1): the reference sequence is the default result when variants are not reported in the vcf file. It is always possible un-interrogated variation can occur which could potentially affect allele function, but because it is undetected, the assignment would be defaulted to a *1 (or reference) allele and normal function.
For all genes, variation reported in the vcf file but NOT included in the gene definition table will not be considered during allele assignment. There is a possibility that any such variation results in a reduced or no activity allele which could lead to inaccurate phenotype and CPIC recommendation, similar to the situation in point 3, above.
Nucleotide base calls are displayed on the positive chromosomal strand regardless of the gene strand; further information is provided under Gene-specific warnings in Section III: Allele Matching Details.
PharmCAT matches variants to genotypes assuming unphased data (unless phased data is provided in the vcf file and noted as such, see pharmcat.org for details). The assumption is that defined alleles exist in trans configuration, i.e. on opposite chromosomes, with exceptions noted in Section III: Allele Matching Details under "Gene-specific warnings." However, in cases where an allele is defined by a combination of two or more variants, where each variant alone also defines an allele, the match is based on the longer allele. For example, TPMT*3B is defined by one SNP, *3C is defined by another SNP, and *3A is defined by the combination of those two SNPs. In the case of unphased data that is heterozygous for both SNPs, the *1/*3A genotype is returned though the possibility of *3B/*3C cannot be ruled out.

Below cases are summarized for which two calls with different scores are possible when provided unphased data and heterozygous calls for the variants that define the two alleles. The genotype with the higher score (longer allele) will be used to determine allele functionality, phenotype, and recommendation but the genotype with the lower score cannot be ruled out.

Table 1: Cases for which there is an overlap in the allele definitions.

Gene	Genotype (Higher Score)	Metabolizer phenotype	Genotype (Lower Score)	Metabolizer phenotype
UGT1A1	1/80+*28	Intermediate	28/80	Indeterminate
UGT1A1	1/80+*37	Intermediate	37/80	Indeterminate
TPMT	1/3A	Intermediate	3B/3C	Poor
NUDT15	1/2	Intermediate	3/6	Possible Intermediate
CYP2C9	1/71	N/A	10/22	Indeterminate
CYP2B6	1/36	Intermediate	6/22	Intermediate
CYP2B6	1/34	Intermediate	33/36	Indeterminate
CYP2B6	1/6	Intermediate	4/9	Intermediate
CYP2B6	1/7	Intermediate	5/6	Intermediate
CYP2B6	1/13	Intermediate	6/8	Intermediate
SLCO1B1	1/46	Decreased function	15/45	Indeterminate
SLCO1B1	1/20	Normal Function	19/37	Indeterminate
SLCO1B1	1/12	Indeterminate	2/10	Indeterminate
SLCO1B1	1/13	Indeterminate	3/11	Indeterminate
SLCO1B1	1/14	Normal Function	4/37	Indeterminate
SLCO1B1	1/15	Decreased function	5/37	Decreased function
SLCO1B1	1/25	Indeterminate	4/28	Indeterminate
SLCO1B1	1/31	Decreased function	9/37	Indeterminate
SLCO1B1	1/32	Indeterminate	4/24	Indeterminate
SLCO1B1	1/40	Indeterminate	5/19	Indeterminate
SLCO1B1	1/43	Indeterminate	4/44	Indeterminate

Table 2: Cases for which there is an overlap in the allele definitions because the definition of the non-*1 allele in the genotype with the higher score allows for reference or variant at the position that defines the first allele listed in the genotype with the lower score. Both genotypes cannot be ruled out with unphased data if the position that overlaps between the respectives alleles is heterozygous (0/1) in addition to heterozyous calls for the other variants that define the non-*1 allele in the genotype with the higher score.

Gene	Genotype (Higher Score)	Metabolizer phenotype	Genotype (Lower Score)	Metabolizer phenotype
CYP2C19	1/4	Intermediate	17/4	Intermediate
CYP2C19	1/2	Intermediate	11/2	Intermediate
CYP2C19	1/35	Intermediate	15/35	Intermediate
CYP3A5	1/3	Intermediate	2/3	Indeterminate
CYP3A5	1/3	Intermediate	4/3	Indeterminate
CYP3A5	1/3	Intermediate	5/3	Indeterminate
CYP3A5	1/3	Intermediate	9/3	Indeterminate
CYP2B6	1/18	Intermediate	4/18	Indeterminate

B. CPIC Allele Function, Phenotype and Recommendation

All content is sourced from the CPIC database.

C. PharmCAT Exceptions to the CPIC Guideline Gene List

PharmCAT does not determine CYP2D6, G6PD, MT-RNR1, or HLA genotypes from the vcf file, but genotypes for CYP2D6, G6PD, and MT-RNR1 can be provided to PharmCAT from an outside source and the corresponding phenotype and prescribing recommendations will be included in the generated report.
HLAs are currently not included in PharmCAT.

D. CPIC Guideline Disclaimers and Caveats

A version of the following quoted disclaimer is part of each CPIC guideline and applies to the CPIC recommendations as used in PharmCAT. For the full description of potential benefits and risks, additional considerations (general and specific to gene-drug pairs), limitations, information about respective gene nomenclature systems, potential drug-drug interactions and clinical factors to consider, please see individual CPIC guidelines (cpicpgx.org).
1. "CPIC guidelines reflect expert consensus based on clinical evidence and peer-reviewed literature available at the time they are written and are intended only to assist clinicians in decision-making and to identify questions for further research. New evidence may have emerged since the time a guideline was submitted for publication. Guidelines are limited in scope and are not applicable to interventions or diseases not specifically identified. Guidelines do not account for all individual variations among patients and cannot be considered inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other treatments. It remains the responsibility of the health-care provider to determine the best course of treatment for a patient. Adherence to any guidelines is voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding its application to be made solely by the clinician and the patient. CPIC assumes no responsibility for any injury to persons or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of CPIC's guidelines, or for any errors or omissions." (PMID: 27997040)
2. "Caveats: appropriate use and/or potential misuse of genetic tests. The application of genotype-based dosing is most appropriate when initiating therapy with a tricyclic. Obtaining a pharmacogenetic test after months of drug therapy may be less helpful in some instances, as the drug dose may have already been adjusted based on plasma concentrations, response, or side effects. Similar to all diagnostic tests, genetic tests are one of several pieces of clinical information that should be considered before initiating drug therapy." (PMID: 27997040)
CPIC guidelines reflect the alleles/genotypes known and considered by the guideline authors for inclusion by the time of publication, however they may be updated online at cpicpgx.org and in the CPIC database in between publications. Additional alleles and/or more extensive allele definitions might exist by the representative gene nomenclatures for various genes.
CPIC is a registered service mark of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS).

E. PharmGKB Disclaimers and Caveats

PharmGKB is a registered service mark of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS).