Sections

  1. Genotype Summary
  2. Prescribing Recommendations
  3. Allele Matching Details
  4. Disclaimers
Disclaimer: PharmCAT is only able to generate recommendations based on the information provided to the software. The gene and variant information for all reported sections are interpreted directly from user-supplied data. The user recognizes they are using PharmCAT at their own risk. For a detailed disclaimer see Section IV.

Section I: Genotype Summary

Genotypes called: 21 / 23

Drugs Gene Genotypes
Genotype Allele Functionality Phenotype
ABCG2
rs2231142 reference (G)/rs2231142 reference (G) Two Normal function alleles Normal Function
CACNA1S
Reference/Reference Two Normal function alleles Uncertain Susceptibility
CFTR
No CPIC variants found Two ivacaftor non-responsive alleles ivacaftor non-responsive in CF patients
CYP2B6
*1/*1 Two Normal function alleles Normal Metabolizer
CYP2C19
*38/*38 Two Normal function alleles Normal Metabolizer
CYP2C9
*1/*1 Two Normal function alleles Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6
*1/*3 One No function allele and one Normal function allele Intermediate Metabolizer
CYP3A4
*1/*1 Two Normal function alleles Normal Metabolizer
CYP3A5
*1/*1 Two Normal function alleles Normal Metabolizer
CYP4F2
*1/*1 N/A N/A
DPYD
Reference/Reference
Reference Normal function See drug section
G6PD
B (reference)/B (reference) Two IV/Normal alleles Normal
HLA-B
*15:02/*57:01 N/A *15:02 positive; *57:01 positive; *58:01 negative
IFNL3/4
rs12979860 reference (C)/rs12979860 reference (C) N/A N/A
MT-RNR1
1555A>G increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss
NUDT15
*1/*1 Two Normal function alleles Normal Metabolizer
RYR1
Reference/Reference Two Normal function alleles Uncertain Susceptibility
SLCO1B1
*1/*1 Two Normal function alleles Normal Function
TPMT
*1/*1 Two Normal function alleles Normal Metabolizer
UGT1A1
*1/*1 Two Normal function alleles Normal Metabolizer
VKORC1
rs9923231 reference (C)/rs9923231 reference (C) N/A N/A
Check Section III for more details about this call.
PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.
For a full list of disclaimers and limitations see the Section IV.
Multiple DPWG versions used to generate gene and drug reports: [v1.23.1, 2023-03-05-00-25].

Section II: Prescribing Recommendations

abacavir

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
HLA-B: Significantly increased risk of abacavir hypersensitivity Abacavir is not recommended N/A Strong

acenocoumarol

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
  • VKORC1:
    rs9923231 reference (C)/
    rs9923231 reference (C)
VKORC1: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the -1639 GG genotype on acenocoumarol. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for acenocoumarol in patients with the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype). N/A N/A

Citations:

allopurinol

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
HLA-B: Low or reduced risk of allopurinol-induced SCAR Use allopurinol per standard dosing guidelines N/A Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
  • ABCG2:
    rs2231142 reference (G)/
    rs2231142 reference (G)
ABCG2: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the ABCG2 rs2231142 GG genotype (c.421CC; p.141QQ) on allopurinol. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for allopurinol in patients with the the ABCG2 rs2231142 GG genotype (c.421CC; p.141QQ) N/A N/A

amikacin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

aminosalicylic acid

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

amitriptyline

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CYP2C19:
Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:
Intermediate Metabolizer
Activity Scores
CYP2C19:
N/A
CYP2D6:
1.0
  • CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
  • CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects
Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments. Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain. Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects is increased, because the gene variation leads to higher plasma concentrations of the active metabolite nortriptyline and to a lesser extent of amitriptyline. Use 75% of the standard dose and monitor the efficacy and side effects or the plasma concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline to adjust the maintenance dose N/A N/A

aripiprazole

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of an intermediate metabolizer phenotype on aripiprazole. NO action is needed for this gene-drug interaction.The genetic variation increases the plasma concentration of the sum of aripiprazole and the active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole to a limited degree. There is insufficient evidence that this increases the risk of side effects. N/A N/A

Citations:

aspirin

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
<= 1g per day

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status aspirin ≤ 1 g/day Strong

atazanavir

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

UGT1A1: Reference UGT1A1 activity; very low likelihood of bilirubin-related discontinuation of atazanavir. There is no need to avoid prescribing of atazanavir based on UGT1A1 genetic test result. Inform the patient that some patients stop atazanavir because of jaundice (yellow eyes and skin), but that this patient’s genotype makes this unlikely (less than about a 1 in 20 chance of stopping atazanavir because of jaundice). All studies correlating UGT1A1 genotypes with atazanavir adverse events have involved ritonavir boosting. However, concentration-time profiles are equivalent when boosted with either cobicistat or ritonavir (PMID 23532097), and bilirubin-related adverse events including discontinuation of atazanavir occur in a similar percentage of patients prescribed atazanavir with cobicistat or ritonavir (PMID 23532097). Associations between UGT1A1 genotype, bilirubin elevations, and atazanavir/r discontinuation therefore almost certainly translate to atazanavir/cobicistat. "reference" function refers to the UGT1A1 allele to which other alleles are compared. Strong

Citations:

atomoxetine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
adults

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Possibly higher atomoxetine concentrations as compared to normal metabolizers but questionable clinical significance. Intermediate metabolizers with an activity score of 1 may be at an increased risk of discontinuation as compared to poor metabolizers. Initiate with a dose of 40 mg/day and increase to 80 mg/day after 3 days. If no clinical response and in the absence of adverse events after 2 weeks, consider increasing dose to 100 mg/day. If no clinical response observed after 2 weeks, consider obtaining a peak plasma concentration (1 to 2 hours after dose administered). If <200 ng/mL, consider a proportional increase in dose to approach 400 ng/mL. Dosages greater than 100 mg/day may be needed to achieve target concentrations. Therapeutic range of 200 to 1000 ng/mL has been proposed (PMID 29493375). Limited data are available regarding the relationship between atomoxetine plasma concentrations and clinical response. Available information suggests that clinical response is greater in poor metabolizers (PMs) compared to non-PMs and may be related to the higher plasma concentrations 1 to 1.5 hours after dosing in PMs compared to non-PMs administered a similar dose. Furthermore, modest improvement in response, defined as reduction in ADHD-rating scale, is observed at peak concentrations greater than 400 ng/mL. Doses above 120 mg/day have not been evaluated. Moderate

CPIC 1

Population:
pediatrics

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Possibly higher atomoxetine concentrations as compared to normal metabolizers but questionable clinical significance. Intermediate metabolizers with an activity score of 1 may be at an increased risk of discontinuation as compared to poor metabolizers. Initiate with a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day and increase to 1.2 mg/kg/day after 3 days. If no clinical response and in the absence of adverse events after 2 weeks, consider obtaining a peak plasma concentration (1 to 2 hours after dose administered). If < 200 ng/mL, consider a proportional increase in dose to approach 400 ng/mL. Therapeutic range of 200 to 1000 ng/mL has been proposed (PMID 29493375). Limited data are available regarding the relationship between atomoxetine plasma concentrations and clinical response. Available information suggests that clinical response is greater in poor metabolizers (PMs) compared to non-PMs and may be related to the higher plasma concentrations 1 to 1.5 hours after dosing in PMs compared to non-PMs administered a similar dose. Furthermore, modest improvement in response, defined as reduction in ADHD-rating scale, is observed at peak concentrations greater than 400 ng/mL. Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation increases the plasma concentration of atomoxetine and can thereby reduce the dose requirement.
  1. In the event of side effects occurring and/or a response later than 9 weeks: reduce the dose and check whether the effect is conserved. The plasma concentration of atomoxetine is a factor of 2-3 times higher for IM than for EM at the same dose.
N/A N/A

atorvastatin

The SLCO1B1 genotype (star nomenclature) will be displayed if determinable with the provided VCF based on the SLCO1B1 star allele definition published by CPIC and recommendations are provided based on the genotype.

In case no genotype can be determined, recommendations are based on the rs4149056 genotype alone as per guideline. The minor C allele at rs4149056 defines SLCO1B1*5.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines. The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin. Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for SLCO1B1 *1/*1.

azathioprine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
NUDT15:
Normal Metabolizer
TPMT:
Normal Metabolizer
Activity Scores
NUDT15:
N/A
TPMT:
N/A
  • NUDT15: Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression
  • TPMT: Lower concentrations of TGN metabolites, higher MeTIMP, this is the ‘normal’ pattern. Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression.
Start with normal starting dose (e.g., 2-3 mg/kg/day) and adjust doses of azathioprine based on disease-specific guidelines. Allow 2 weeks to reach steady-state after each dose adjustment (PMID 20354201, 11302950, 15606506). Normal starting doses vary by race/ethnicity and treatment regimens. If standard dose is below normal recommended dose, dose reduction might not be recommended for intermediate metabolizers. Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

NUDT15: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on azathioprine. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for azathioprine in normal metabolizers N/A N/A

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

TPMT: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on azathioprine. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for azathioprine in normal metabolizers. N/A N/A

brexpiprazole

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of an intermediate metabolizer phenotype on brexpiprazole. NO action is required for this gene-drug interaction. There are indications supporting an increase in the exposure to brexpiprazole, but no indications supporting an increase in side effects in patients with this gene variation. N/A N/A

capecitabine

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • DPYD:Reference/
    Reference
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

DPYD: Normal DPD activity and "normal" risk for fluoropyrimidine toxicity Based on genotype, there is no indication to change dose or therapy. Use label-recommended dosage and administration. N/A Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
  • DPYD:Reference/
    Reference
Activity Score

2

DPYD: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a DPYD activity score of 2 on capecitabine. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for capecitabine in patients with a DPYD activity score of 2. N/A N/A

carbamazepine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

No annotation for HLA-A Unknown/Unknown and HLA-B *15:02/*57:01.

celecoxib

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. In accordance with the prescribing information, use the lowest effective dosage for shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals. N/A Strong

chloramphenicol

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

chloroquine

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

ciprofloxacin

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

citalopram

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose N/A Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

clomipramine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CYP2C19:
Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:
Intermediate Metabolizer
Activity Scores
CYP2C19:
N/A
CYP2D6:
1.0
  • CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
  • CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects
Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments. Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain. Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be increased, because the gene variation leads to increased plasma concentrations of clomipramine and the active metabolite desmethylclomipramine. Use 70% of the standard dose and monitor the effect and side effects or the plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine. For depression, the therapeutic range is 200-400 ng/mL for the sum of the plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine. For anxiety disorders, the therapeutic plasma concentration of clomipramine is approximately 100 ng/mL, in combination with a plasma concentration of desmethylclomipramine lower than 200 ng/mL. For obsessive compulsive disorder, the therapeutic plasma concentration of clomipramine is higher than 200 ng/mL, in combination with a plasma concentration of desmethylclomipramine that is as low as possible. A sum of the plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine higher than 600 ng/mL is considered toxic. N/A N/A

clopidogrel

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
CVI ACS PCI

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C19: Normal clopidogrel active metabolite formation; normal on-treatment platelet reactivity If considering clopidogrel, use at standard dose (75 mg/day) For cardiovascular indications of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). ACS and/or PCI includes patients undergoing PCI for an ACS or non-ACS (elective) indication. Strong

CPIC 1

Population:
CVI non-ACS non-PCI

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C19: Normal clopidogrel active metabolite formation; normal on-treatment platelet reactivity If considering clopidogrel, use at standard dose (75 mg/day) For non-acute coronary syndrome (non-ACS) and non-percutaneous coronary intervention (non-PCI) cardiovascular indications. Non-ACS, non-PCI cardiovascular indications include peripheral arterial disease and stable coronary artery disease following a recent myocardial infarction outside the setting of PCI. Strong

CPIC 1

Population:
NVI

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C19: Normal clopidogrel active metabolite formation; normal on-treatment platelet reactivity If considering clopidogrel, use at standard dose (75 mg/day) For neurovascular indications. Neurovascular disease includes acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, secondary prevention of stroke, or prevention of thromboembolic events following neurointerventional procedures such as carotid artery stenting and stent-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysms. Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

codeine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced morphine formation Use codeine label recommended age- or weight-specific dosing. If no response and opioid use is warranted, consider a non-tramadol opioid. N/A Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation reduces the conversion of codeine to morphine. This can result in reduced analgesia. For COUGH:
  1. No action required.
For PAIN: It is not possible to offer adequately substantiated advice for dose adjustment based on the limited available literature for this phenotype.
  1. Be alert to a reduced effectiveness.
  2. In the case of inadequate effectiveness: 1. Try a dose increase., 2. If this does not work: choose an alternative. Do not select tramadol, as this is also metabolised by CYP2D6. Morphine is not metabolised by CYP2D6. Oxycodone is metabolised by CYP2D6 to a limited extent, but this does not result in differences in analgesia in patients.
  3. If no alternative is selected: advise the patient to report inadequate analgesia.
N/A N/A

dapsone

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

desflurane

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CACNA1S:
Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:
Uncertain Susceptibility
Activity Scores
CACNA1S:
N/A
RYR1:
N/A
  • CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
  • RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. N/A Strong

desipramine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers. Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects. Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Titrate dose to observed clinical response with symptom improvement and minimal (if any) side effects. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments. Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain. Optional

dexlansoprazole

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal PPI metabolism; may be at increased risk of therapeutic failure compared to CYP2C19 IMs and PMs Initiate standard starting daily dose. Consider increasing dose by 50-100% for the treatment of H. pylori infection and erosive esophagitis. Daily dose may be given in divided doses. Monitor for efficacy. N/A Optional

dibekacin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

dimercaprol

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

doxepin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CYP2C19:
Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:
Intermediate Metabolizer
Activity Scores
CYP2C19:
N/A
CYP2D6:
1.0
  • CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
  • CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects
Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments. Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain. Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be increased, because the gene variation leads to increased plasma concentrations of doxepin and the active metabolite nordoxepin. Use 80% of the standard dose and monitor the effect and side effects or the plasma concentrations of doxepin and nordoxepin in order to set the maintenance dose. The therapeutic range is 100-250 ng/mL for the sum of doxepin and nordoxepin plasma concentrations. Values higher than 400 ng/mL are considered toxic. N/A N/A

doxorubicin

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

efavirenz

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
child >40kg_adult

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2B6: Normal efavirenz metabolism Initiate efavirenz with standard dosing (600 mg/day) The ENCORE study showed that in treatment-naïve patients randomized to initiate efavirenz-based regimens (combined with tenofovir and emtricitabine), 400 mg/day was non-inferior to 600 mg/day regardless of CYP2B6 genotype (PMID 24522178). Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2B6: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on efavirenz. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for efavirenz in normal metabolizers. N/A N/A

eliglustat

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: This gene variation reduces the conversion of eliglustat to inactive metabolites. However, in the absence of CYP2D6 and CYP3A inhibitors, this does not result in a clinically significant increased risk of side effects.
  • Co-medication with BOTH a MODERATE to STRONG CYP2D6 INHIBITOR AND a MODERATE to STRONG CYP3A INHIBITOR: Eliglustat is contra-indicated.
  1. Choose an alternative if possible. Strong CYP2D6 inhibitor: for example paroxetine, fluoxetine, quinidine, bupropione. Moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor: for example duloxetine, terbinafine, moclobemide, mirabegron, cinacalcet, dronedarone. Strong CYP3A inhibitor: for example ketoconazole, clarithromycin, itraconazole, cobicistat, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telaprevir, tipranavir, posaconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin, conivaptan, boceprevir. Moderate CYP3A inhibitor: for example erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, fluconazole, diltiazem, verapamil, aprepitant, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, imatinib, cimetidine.
  • Co-medication with a STRONG CYP2D6 INHIBITOR (e.g. paroxetine, fluoxetine, quinidine, bupropione):
  1. Use a dose of 84mg eliglustat 1x daily.
  • Co-medication with a MODERATE CYP2D6 INHIBITOR (for example duloxetine, terbinafine, moclobemide, mirabegron, cinacalcet, dronedarone):
  1. Consider a dose of 84mg eliglustat 1x daily.
  2. Be alert to side effects.
  • Co-medication with a STRONG CYP3A INHIBITOR (for example ketoconazole, clarithromycin, itraconazole, cobicistat, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telaprevir, tipranavir, posaconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin, conivaptan, boceprevir):
  1. Choose an alternative if possible.
  2. If an alternative is not an option: consider a dose of 84 mg eliglustat 1x daily and be alert to side effects.
  • Co-medication with a MODERATE CYP3A INHIBITOR (for example erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, fluconazole, diltiazem, verapamil, aprepitant, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, imatinib, cimetidine):
  1. Choose an alternative.
  2. If an alternative is not an option: consider a dose of 84mg eliglustat 1x daily and be alert to side effects.
  • Co-medication with a STRONG CYP3A INDUCER (for example rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifabutine, hypericum): Eliglustat is not recommended. The plasma concentration may decrease so sharply that a therapeutic effect cannot be achieved.
  1. Choose an alternative if possible.
  • NO co-medication with a moderate or strong CYP2D6 or CYP3A inhibitor or strong CYP3A inducer:
  1. Use the standard dose of 84mg 2x daily.
N/A N/A

enflurane

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CACNA1S:
Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:
Uncertain Susceptibility
Activity Scores
CACNA1S:
N/A
RYR1:
N/A
  • CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
  • RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. N/A Strong

escitalopram

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose N/A Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

flecainide

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation reduces conversion of flecainide to inactive metabolites. This may increase the risk of side effects.
  1. Indications other than diagnosis of Brugada syndrome: reduce the dose to 75% of the standard dose and record an ECG and monitor the plasma concentration.2.Provocation test for diagnosis of Brugada syndrome:No action required.At a dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight to a maximum of 150 mg, the response is better for patients with alleles that result in reduced activity.All 5 patients with these alleles and 20% of the patients with two fully active alleles exhibited a response within 30 minutes.
N/A N/A

Citations:

flucytosine

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
  • DPYD:Reference/
    Reference
Activity Score

2

DPYD: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a DPYD activity score of 2 on flucytosine. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for flucytosine in patients with a DPYD activity score of 2. N/A N/A

fluorouracil

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • DPYD:Reference/
    Reference
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

DPYD: Normal DPD activity and "normal" risk for fluoropyrimidine toxicity Based on genotype, there is no indication to change dose or therapy. Use label-recommended dosage and administration. N/A Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
  • DPYD:Reference/
    Reference
Activity Score

2

DPYD: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a DPYD activity score of 2 on fluorouracil. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for fluorouracil in patients with a DPYD activity score of 2. N/A N/A

flurbiprofen

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. In accordance with the prescribing information, use the lowest effective dosage for shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals. N/A Strong

fluvastatin

The SLCO1B1 genotype (star nomenclature) will be displayed if determinable with the provided VCF based on the SLCO1B1 star allele definition published by CPIC and recommendations are provided based on the genotype.

In case no genotype can be determined, recommendations are based on the rs4149056 genotype alone as per guideline. The minor C allele at rs4149056 defines SLCO1B1*5.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CYP2C9:
Normal Metabolizer
SLCO1B1:
Normal Function
Activity Score

2.0

  • CYP2C9: Normal exposure.
  • SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure.
Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses of fluvastatin based on disease-specific guidelines. The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin. Strong

fluvoxamine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism when compared to normal metabolizers. Higher plasma concentrations may increase the probability of side effects. Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. N/A Moderate

fosphenytoin

The displayed recommendation for CYP2C9 and phenytoin is ONLY valid for non-carriers of the HLA-B*15:02 high-risk allele. PharmCAT Named Allele Matcher does not determine HLA status. CPIC guidance: Fos-/Phenytoin is contraindicated in individuals with the HLA-B*15:02 variant allele ("HLA-B*15:02-positive") due to significantly increased risk of fos-/phenytoin-induced cutaneous adverse reactions of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). In HLA-B*15:02 carriers, carbamazepine should not be used as an alternative. Alternative medications such as oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine acetate, and lamotrigine have some evidence linking SJS/TEN with the HLA-B*15:02 allele, and thus caution should be used in choosing alternatives to phenytoin.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
PHT use >3mos

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

  • CYP2C9: Normal phenytoin metabolism
  • HLA-B: Increased risk of phenytoin-induced SJS/TEN
If the patient has previously used phenytoin continuously for longer than three months without incidence of cutaneous adverse reactions, cautiously consider use of phenytoin in the future. The latency period for drug-induced SJS/TEN is short with continuous dosing and adherence to therapy (4-28 days), and cases usually occur within three months of dosing. Previous tolerance of phenytoin is not indicative of tolerance to other aromatic anticonvulsants. Optional

CPIC 1

Population:
PHT naive

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

  • CYP2C9: Normal phenytoin metabolism
  • HLA-B: Increased risk of phenytoin-induced SJS/TEN
If patient is phenytoin-naive, do not use phenytoin/fosphenytoin. Avoid carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. Other aromatic anticonvulsants, including eslicarbazepine, lamotrigine, and phenobarbital, have weaker evidence linking SJS/TEN with the HLA-B*15:02 allele; however, caution should still be used in choosing an alternative agent. Strong

furazolidone

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

gentamicin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

glyburide

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

haloperidol

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation results in a higher plasma concentration, but the effect is small and no clinically significant effects were found. NO action is required for this gene-drug interaction. N/A N/A

Citations:

halothane

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CACNA1S:
Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:
Uncertain Susceptibility
Activity Scores
CACNA1S:
N/A
RYR1:
N/A
  • CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
  • RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. N/A Strong

hydrocodone

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Minimal evidence for pharmacokinetic or clinical effect. Use hydrocodone label recommended age- or weight-specific dosing. If no response and opioid use is warranted, consider non-codeine or non-tramadol opioid. N/A Optional

hydroxychloroquine

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

ibuprofen

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. In accordance with the prescribing information, use the lowest effective dosage for shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals. N/A Strong

imipramine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CYP2C19:
Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:
Intermediate Metabolizer
Activity Scores
CYP2C19:
N/A
CYP2D6:
1.0
  • CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
  • CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects
Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments. Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain. Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be increased, because the gene variation leads to increased plasma concentrations of imipramine and desipramine. Use 70% of the standard dose and monitor the effect and side effects or the plasma concentrations of imipramine and desipramine in order to set the maintenance dose. The therapeutic range is 150-300 ng/mL for the sum of the imipramine and desipramine plasma concentrations. Values exceeding 500 ng/mL are considered toxic. N/A N/A

irinotecan

Alleles determined based on the CPIC UGT1A1 allele definition file due to limited allele definition information in the DPWG UGT1A1 document
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

UGT1A1: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on irinotecan. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for irinotecan in normal metabolizers N/A N/A

Citations:

isoflurane

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CACNA1S:
Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:
Uncertain Susceptibility
Activity Scores
CACNA1S:
N/A
RYR1:
N/A
  • CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
  • RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. N/A Strong

ivacaftor

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • CFTR:
    No CPIC variants found
Phenotype

ivacaftor non-responsive in CF patients

Activity Score

N/A

CFTR: An individual diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) and negative for a CFTR variant listed in the FDA-approved drug label as being responsive to ivacaftor. Ivacaftor is not recommended N/A Moderate

kanamycin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

lansoprazole

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal PPI metabolism; may be at increased risk of therapeutic failure compared to CYP2C19 IMs and PMs Initiate standard starting daily dose. Consider increasing dose by 50-100% for the treatment of H. pylori infection and erosive esophagitis. Daily dose may be given in divided doses. Monitor for efficacy. N/A Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

lornoxicam

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. In accordance with the prescribing information, use the lowest effective dosage for shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals. N/A Strong

lovastatin

The SLCO1B1 genotype (star nomenclature) will be displayed if determinable with the provided VCF based on the SLCO1B1 star allele definition published by CPIC and recommendations are provided based on the genotype.

In case no genotype can be determined, recommendations are based on the rs4149056 genotype alone as per guideline. The minor C allele at rs4149056 defines SLCO1B1*5.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines. The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin. Strong

mafenide

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

meloxicam

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. In accordance with the prescribing information, use the lowest effective dosage for shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals. N/A Strong

mercaptopurine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
NUDT15:
Normal Metabolizer
TPMT:
Normal Metabolizer
Activity Scores
NUDT15:
N/A
TPMT:
N/A
  • NUDT15: Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression
  • TPMT: Lower concentrations of TGN metabolites, higher MeTIMP, this is the ‘normal’ pattern. Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression.
Start with normal starting dose (e.g., 75 mg/m2/day or 1.5 mg/kg/day) and adjust doses of mercaptopurine (and of any other myelosuppressive therapy) without any special emphasis on mercaptopurine compared to other agents. Allow at least 2 weeks to reach steady-state after each dose adjustment (PMID 20354201, 16401827, 11302950). Normal starting doses vary by race/ethnicity and treatment regimens. If standard dose is below normal recommended dose, dose reduction might not be recommended for intermediate metabolizers. Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

NUDT15: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on mercaptopurine. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for mercaptopurine in normal metabolizers N/A N/A

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

TPMT: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on mercaptopurine. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for mercaptopurine in normal metabolizers. N/A N/A

methoxyflurane

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CACNA1S:
Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:
Uncertain Susceptibility
Activity Scores
CACNA1S:
N/A
RYR1:
N/A
  • CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
  • RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. N/A Strong

methylene blue

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid ased on G6PD status Strong

metoprolol

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The gene variation reduces the conversion of metoprolol to inactive metabolites. However, the clinical consequences are limited mainly to the occurrence of asymptomatic bradycardia. If a GRADUAL REDUCTION in HEART RATE is desired, or in the event of SYMPTOMATIC BRADYCARDIA: 1. use smaller steps in dose titration and/or prescribe no more than 50% of the standard dose. OTHER CASES: 1. no action required N/A N/A

Citations:

nalidixic acid

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

neomycin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

netilmicin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

nitrofurantoin

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

norfloxacin

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

nortriptyline

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers. Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects. Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Titrate dose to observed clinical response with symptom improvement and minimal (if any) side effects. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments. Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of tricyclic antidepressants for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain. Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be increased, because the gene variation leads to an increased plasma concentration of nortriptyline. Use 60% of the standard dose and monitor the effect and side effects or the plasma concentration of nortriptyline in order to set the maintenance dose. The therapeutic range of nortriptyline is 50-150 ng/mL. Values exceeding 250 ng/mL are considered toxic. N/A N/A

ofloxacin

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

omeprazole

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal PPI metabolism; may be at increased risk of therapeutic failure compared to CYP2C19 IMs and PMs Initiate standard starting daily dose. Consider increasing dose by 50-100% for the treatment of H. pylori infection and erosive esophagitis. Daily dose may be given in divided doses. Monitor for efficacy. N/A Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

ondansetron

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Very limited data available for CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers Insufficient evidence demonstrating clinical impact based on CYP2D6 genotype. Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. Drug-drug interactions and other patient characteristics (e.g., age, renal function, and liver function) should be considered when selecting alternative therapy. No Recommendation

oxcarbazepine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
OXC use >3 mos

Genotype
Activity Score

N/A

HLA-B: Greater risk of oxcarbazepine-induced SJS/TEN The latency period for drug-induced SJS/TEN is short with continuous dosing and adherence to therapy (~4-28 days), and cases usually occur within three months of dosing; therefore, if the patient has previously used oxcarbazepine consistently for longer than three months without incidence of cutaneous adverse reactions, cautiously consider use of oxcarbazepine in the future. Previous tolerance of oxcarbazepine is not indicative of tolerance to other aromatic anticonvulsants. Aromatic anticonvulsants include carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, and phenobarbital. Optional

CPIC 1

Population:
OXC naive

Genotype
HLA-B: Greater risk of oxcarbazepine-induced SJS/TEN If patient is oxcarbazepine-naïve, do not use oxcarbazepine. Other aromatic anticonvulsants have weaker evidence linking SJS/TEN with the HLA-B*15:02 allele; however, caution should still be used in choosing an alternative agent. Aromatic anticonvulsants include carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, and phenobarbital. Strong

pantoprazole

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP2C19: Normal PPI metabolism; may be at increased risk of therapeutic failure compared to CYP2C19 IMs and PMs Initiate standard starting daily dose. Consider increasing dose by 50-100% for the treatment of H. pylori infection and erosive esophagitis. Daily dose may be given in divided doses. Monitor for efficacy. N/A Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

paromomycin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

paroxetine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism when compared to normal metabolizers. Higher plasma concentrations may increase the probability of side effects. Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose N/A Moderate

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The plasma concentration of paroxetine can increase as a result of the reduced activity of CYP2D6. However, studies did not find any clinical effects. NO action is needed for this gene-drug interaction. N/A N/A

peginterferon alfa-2a

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

No annotation for IFNL3/4 rs12979860 reference (C)/rs12979860 reference (C).

peginterferon alfa-2b

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

No annotation for IFNL3/4 rs12979860 reference (C)/rs12979860 reference (C).

pegloticase

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

phenazopyridine

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

phenprocoumon

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
  • VKORC1:
    rs9923231 reference (C)/
    rs9923231 reference (C)
VKORC1: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype) on phenprocoumon. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for phenprocoumon in patients with the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype). N/A N/A

Citations:

phenytoin

The displayed recommendation for CYP2C9 and phenytoin is ONLY valid for non-carriers of the HLA-B*15:02 high-risk allele. PharmCAT Named Allele Matcher does not determine HLA status. CPIC guidance: Fos-/Phenytoin is contraindicated in individuals with the HLA-B*15:02 variant allele ("HLA-B*15:02-positive") due to significantly increased risk of fos-/phenytoin-induced cutaneous adverse reactions of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). In HLA-B*15:02 carriers, carbamazepine should not be used as an alternative. Alternative medications such as oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine acetate, and lamotrigine have some evidence linking SJS/TEN with the HLA-B*15:02 allele, and thus caution should be used in choosing alternatives to phenytoin.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
PHT use >3mos

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

  • CYP2C9: Normal phenytoin metabolism
  • HLA-B: Increased risk of phenytoin-induced SJS/TEN
If the patient has previously used phenytoin continuously for longer than three months without incidence of cutaneous adverse reactions, cautiously consider use of phenytoin in the future. The latency period for drug-induced SJS/TEN is short with continuous dosing and adherence to therapy (4-28 days), and cases usually occur within three months of dosing. Previous tolerance of phenytoin is not indicative of tolerance to other aromatic anticonvulsants. Optional

CPIC 1

Population:
PHT naive

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

  • CYP2C9: Normal phenytoin metabolism
  • HLA-B: Increased risk of phenytoin-induced SJS/TEN
If patient is phenytoin-naive, do not use phenytoin/fosphenytoin. Avoid carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. Other aromatic anticonvulsants, including eslicarbazepine, lamotrigine, and phenobarbital, have weaker evidence linking SJS/TEN with the HLA-B*15:02 allele; however, caution should still be used in choosing an alternative agent. Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C9: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on phenytoin. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for phenytoin in normal metabolizers. N/A N/A

pimozide

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of QT-prolongation – and thereby also the risk of torsade de points – is theoretically increased, because the genetic variation results in an increase in the plasma concentration of pimozide. The elevated plasma concentration and associated theoretical increased risk of QT elongation can be negated by following the dose recommendations provided below. Use no more than the following doses (80% of the standard maximum dose): 12 years and older: 16 mg/day younger than 12 years: 0.08 mg/kg per day to a maximum of 3 mg/day N/A N/A

piroxicam

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. In accordance with the prescribing information, use the lowest effective dosage for shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals. N/A Strong

pitavastatin

The SLCO1B1 genotype (star nomenclature) will be displayed if determinable with the provided VCF based on the SLCO1B1 star allele definition published by CPIC and recommendations are provided based on the genotype.

In case no genotype can be determined, recommendations are based on the rs4149056 genotype alone as per guideline. The minor C allele at rs4149056 defines SLCO1B1*5.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines. The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin. Strong

plazomicin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

pravastatin

The SLCO1B1 genotype (star nomenclature) will be displayed if determinable with the provided VCF based on the SLCO1B1 star allele definition published by CPIC and recommendations are provided based on the genotype.

In case no genotype can be determined, recommendations are based on the rs4149056 genotype alone as per guideline. The minor C allele at rs4149056 defines SLCO1B1*5.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines. The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin. Strong

primaquine

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

propafenone

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: Genetic variation increases the sum of the plasma concentrations of propafenone and the active metabolite 5-hydroxypropafenone. This may increase the risk of side effects. It is not possible to offer adequately substantiated recommendations for dose adjustment based on the literature.
  1. Either guide the dose by therapeutic drug monitoring, perform an ECG and be alert to side effects
  2. Or choose an alternative. Antiarrhythmic drugs that are hardly if at all metabolised by CYP2D6 include, for example, sotalol, disopyramide, quinidine and amiodarone.
N/A N/A

Citations:

quetiapine

The CYP3A4 alleles are determined based on PharmVar CYP3A4 allele definitions. See PharmCAT disclaimer for further information.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP3A4: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on quetiapine. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for quetiapine in normal metabolizers. N/A N/A

quinine

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

rasburicase

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

ribostamycin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

risperidone

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: There is little evidence to support an increase in side effects caused by the gene variation. The gene variation may lead to a decrease in the required maintenance dose. However, as the effect on the dose is smaller than that of the normal biological variation, action is not useful. NO action is needed for this gene-drug interaction. N/A N/A

Citations:

rosuvastatin

The SLCO1B1 genotype (star nomenclature) will be displayed if determinable with the provided VCF based on the SLCO1B1 star allele definition published by CPIC and recommendations are provided based on the genotype.

In case no genotype can be determined, recommendations are based on the rs4149056 genotype alone as per guideline. The minor C allele at rs4149056 defines SLCO1B1*5.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • ABCG2:
    rs2231142 reference (G)/
    rs2231142 reference (G);
    SLCO1B1:*1/*1;
    rs4149056:T/T
Phenotypes
ABCG2:
Normal Function
SLCO1B1:
Normal Function
  • ABCG2: Typical myopathy risk and rosuvastatin exposure
  • SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure
Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses of rosuvastatin based on disease-specific and specific population guidelines. The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and Asian ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating rosuvastatin. Strong

sertraline

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C19: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose N/A Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

sevoflurane

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CACNA1S:
Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:
Uncertain Susceptibility
Activity Scores
CACNA1S:
N/A
RYR1:
N/A
  • CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
  • RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. N/A Strong

simvastatin

The SLCO1B1 genotype (star nomenclature) will be displayed if determinable with the provided VCF based on the SLCO1B1 star allele definition published by CPIC and recommendations are provided based on the genotype.

In case no genotype can be determined, recommendations are based on the rs4149056 genotype alone as per guideline. The minor C allele at rs4149056 defines SLCO1B1*5.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Function

SLCO1B1: Typical myopathy risk and statin exposure Prescribe desired starting dose and adjust doses based on disease-specific guidelines. The potential for drug-drug interactions and dose limits based on renal and hepatic function and ancestry should be evaluated prior to initiating a statin. Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for SLCO1B1 *1/*1.

siponimod

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C9: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on siponimod. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for siponimod in normal metabolizers. N/A N/A

streptomycin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

succinylcholine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CACNA1S:
Uncertain Susceptibility
RYR1:
Uncertain Susceptibility
Activity Scores
CACNA1S:
N/A
RYR1:
N/A
  • CACNA1S: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
  • RYR1: These results do not eliminate the chance that this patient is susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). The genetic cause of about half of all MH survivors, with MH susceptibility confirmed by contracture test, remains unknown (PMID 28902675).
Clinical findings, family history, further genetic testing and other laboratory data should guide use of halogenated volatile anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. N/A Strong

sulfadiazine

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

sulfadimidine

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

sulfanilamide

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

sulfasalazine

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

sulfisoxazole

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

tacrolimus

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

N/A

CYP3A5: Lower dose-adjusted trough concentrations of tacrolimus and decreased chance of achieving target tacrolimus concentrations. Increase starting dose 1.5 to 2 times recommended starting dose. Total starting dose should not exceed 0.3 mg/kg/day. Use therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments. This recommendation includes the use of tacrolimus in kidney, heart, lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, and liver transplant patients where the donor and recipient genotypes are identical. Further dose adjustments or selection of alternative therapy may be necessary due to other clinical factors (e.g., medication interactions, or hepatic function). Typically with other CYP enzymes, a normal metabolizer would be classified as having normal metabolism, and therefore, the drug dose would not change based on the patient’s genotype. However, in the case of CYP3A5 and tacrolimus, a CYP3A5 expresser (i.e., CYP3A5 normal metabolizer or intermediate metabolizer) would require a higher recommended starting dose, and the CYP3A5 non-expresser (i.e., poor metabolizer) would require the standard recommended starting dose. Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
CYP3A5: An increase of the initial dose can result in an increased chance of reaching a tacrolimus concentration within the target range before the start of therapeutic drug monitoring. However, there is no direct evidence that this results in improved clinical results. The genetic variation results in an increased conversion of tacrolimus to inactive metabolites and therefore a higher required dose. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION In addition to the patient’s genotype, the metabolism of tacrolimus is also determined by the genotype of the transplanted liver. LIVER is also of the genotype HOMOZYGOUS EXPRESSOR: Use 2.5 times the normal initial dose. Adjustment of the dose should then be based on therapeutic drug monitoring. LIVER has a DIFFERENT genotype: There is insufficient evidence in the literature to support a dose recommendation. OTHER TRANSPLANTATION Use 2.5 times the initial dose that would yield the desired result in non-expressers. Adjustment of the dose should then be based on therapeutic drug monitoring. For example: One Dutch study found a median trough concentration for tacrolimus after three days of 9.4 ng/mL at an initial dose of 0.15 mg/kg twice daily for 5 homozygous kidney transplant patients. Their target value was 10 - 15 ng/mL. N/A N/A

Citations:

tafenoquine

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Tafenoquine’s safety has been established for a G6PD enzyme activity ≥70% of normal. (Inclusion criteria for clinical trials involving tafenoquine included G6PD activity ≥70%.) Strong

tamoxifen

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Lower endoxifen concentrations compared to normal metabolizers; higher risk of breast cancer recurrence, event-free and recurrence-free survival compared to normal metabolizers. Consider hormonal therapy such as an aromatase inhibitor for postmenopausal women or aromatase inhibitor along with ovarian function suppression in premenopausal women, given that these approaches are superior to tamoxifen regardless of CYP2D6 genotype (PMID 26211827). If aromatase inhibitor use is contraindicated, consideration should be given to use a higher but FDA approved tamoxifen dose (40 mg/day)(PMID 27226358). Avoid CYP2D6 strong to weak inhibitors. N/A Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: This gene variation reduces the conversion of tamoxifen to the active metabolite endoxifen. This can result in reduced effectiveness.
  1. Select an alternative or measure the endoxifen concentration and increase the dose if necessary by a factor of 1.5-2. Aromatase inhibitors are a possible alternative for post-menopausal women.
  2. If TAMOXIFEN is selected: avoid co-medication with CYP2D6 inhibitors such as paroxetine and fluoxetine
N/A N/A

Citations:

tegafur

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
  • DPYD:Reference/
    Reference
Activity Score

2

DPYD: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a DPYD activity score of 2 on tegafur. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for tegafur in patients with a DPYD activity score of 2. N/A N/A

Citations:

tenoxicam

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

Activity Score

2.0

CYP2C9: Normal metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. In accordance with the prescribing information, use the lowest effective dosage for shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals. N/A Strong

thioguanine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
NUDT15:
Normal Metabolizer
TPMT:
Normal Metabolizer
Activity Scores
NUDT15:
N/A
TPMT:
N/A
  • NUDT15: Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression
  • TPMT: Lower concentrations of TGN metabolites, but note that TGN after thioguanine are 5-10X higher than TGN after mercaptopurine or azathioprine. Normal risk of thiopurine-related leukopenia, neutropenia, myelosuppression.
Start with normal starting dose (e.g., 40-60 mg/m2/day) and adjust doses of thioguanine and of other myelosuppressive therapy without any special emphasis on thioguanine. Allow 2 weeks to reach steady-state after each dose adjustment (PMID 20354201, 11037857). Normal starting doses vary by race/ethnicity and treatment regimens. If standard dose is below normal recommended dose, dose reduction might not be recommended for intermediate metabolizers. Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

NUDT15: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on thioguanine. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for thioguanine in normal metabolizers N/A N/A

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

TPMT: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on thioguanine. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for thioguanine in normal metabolizers. N/A N/A

tobramycin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

increased risk of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss

MT-RNR1: Very high risk of developing hearing loss if administered an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Avoid aminoglycoside anitbiotics unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and lack of safe or effective alternative therapies. If no effective alternative to an aminoglycoside antibiotic is available, evaluate for hearing loss frequently during therapy and ensure that all appropriate precautions are utilized (e.g., lowest possible dose and duration, utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring, hydration, renal function monitoring). Strong

tolbutamide

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

toluidine blue

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid ased on G6PD status Toluidine blue classification strength is based on extrapolation from methylene blue data Strong

tramadol

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Reduced O-desmethyltramadol (active metabolite) formation Use tramadol label recommended age- or weight-specific dosing. If no response and opioid use is warranted, consider non-codeine opioid. N/A Optional

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The genetic variation reduces the conversion of tramadol to a metabolite with a higher activity. This can result in reduced analgesia. It is not possible to provide a recommendation for dose adjustment, because the total analgesic effect changes when the ratio between the mother compound and the active metabolite changes.
  1. be alert to a reduced effectiveness
  2. in the case of inadequate effectiveness: a. try a dose increase b. if this does not work: choose an alternative. Do not select codeine, as this is also metabolised by CYP2D6. Morphine is not metabolised by CYP2D6. Oxycodone is metabolised by CYP2D6 to a limited extent, but this does not result in differences in analgesia in patients.
  3. if no alternative is selected: advise the patient to report inadequate analgesia
N/A N/A

trimipramine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotypes
CYP2C19:
Normal Metabolizer
CYP2D6:
Intermediate Metabolizer
Activity Scores
CYP2C19:
N/A
CYP2D6:
1.0
  • CYP2C19: Normal metabolism of tertiary amines
  • CYP2D6: Reduced metabolism of TCAs to less active compounds compared to normal metabolizers; Higher plasma concentrations of active drug will increase the probability of side effects
Consider a 25% reduction of recommended starting dose. Utilize therapeutic drug monitoring to guide dose adjustments. Patients may receive an initial low dose of a tricyclic, which is then increased over several days to the recommended steady-state dose. The starting dose in this guideline refers to the recommended steady-state dose. Dosing recommendations only apply to higher initial doses of TCAs for treatment of conditions such as depression. See other considerations for dosing recommendations for conditions where lower initial doses are used, such as neuropathic pain. Optional

tropisetron

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

1.0

CYP2D6: Very limited data available for CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers Insufficient evidence demonstrating clinical impact based on CYP2D6 genotype. Initiate therapy with recommended starting dose. Drug-drug interactions and other patient characteristics (e.g., age, renal function, and liver function) should be considered when selecting alternative therapy. No Recommendation

venlafaxine

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: There are indications of an increased risk of side effects and a reduced chance of efficacy. The gene variation reduces the conversion of venlafaxine to the active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine, whilst an association between high O-desmethylvenlafaxine/venlafaxine ratios and response without side effects was found. It is not possible to offer adequately substantiated advice for dose reduction based on the literature.
  • avoid venlafaxine. Antidepressants that are not metabolised by CYP2D6 - or to a lesser extent - include, for example, duloxetine, mirtazapine, citalopram and sertraline.
  • if it is not possible to avoid venlafaxine and side effects occur:
  1. reduce the dose
  2. monitor the effect and side effects or check the plasma concentrations of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine. It is not known whether it is possible to reduce the dose to such an extent that the side effects disappear, while the effectiveness is maintained. In general, it is assumed that the effectiveness is determined by the sum of the plasma concentrations of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine. However, the side effects do not appear to be related to this sum.
N/A N/A

Citations:

vitamin c

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

vitamin k

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
general

Genotype
  • G6PD:B (reference)/
    B (reference)
Phenotype

Normal

G6PD: Low-to-no risk of acute hemolytic anemia No reason to avoid based on G6PD status Strong

voriconazole

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
adults

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C19: Normal voriconazole metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended standard of care dosing Further dose adjustments or selection of alternative therapy may be necessary due to other clinical factors, such as drug interactions, hepatic function, renal function, species, site of infection, therapeutic drug monitoring, and comorbidities. Strong

CPIC 1

Population:
pediatrics

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C19: Normal voriconazole metabolism Initiate therapy with recommended standard of care dosing Further dose adjustments or selection of alternative therapy may be necessary due to other clinical factors, such as drug interactions, hepatic function, renal function, species, site of infection, therapeutic drug monitoring, and comorbidities. Strong

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

No annotation for CYP2C19 *38/*38.

Citations:

warfarin

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

CPIC 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
  • CYP2C9:*1/*1;
    CYP4F2:*1/*1;
    VKORC1:
    rs9923231 reference (C)/
    rs9923231 reference (C);
    rs12777823:G/G
Please follow the flow chart in figure 2 of the CPIC warfarin guideline to determine the appropriate dosing recommendation.
The CPIC warfarin guideline only considers a single SNV in VKORC1 (rs9923231), which has varying frequency among different ancestral populations, and largely explains the differences in average dose requirements between people of European, African, and Asian descents. While other functional variants in VKORC1 have been associated with warfarin resistance (high dose requirements), there are currently no CPIC recommendations for how to use these other variants in warfarin dosing. An alternate name for rs9923231 is -1639G>A (note that VKORC1 is on the negative chromosomal strand, so displayed alleles are complemented).
Figure 2 from the CPIC guideline for warfarin

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Normal Metabolizer

CYP2C9: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of a normal metabolizer phenotype on warfarin. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for warfarin in normal metabolizers. N/A N/A

PharmGKB-DPWG 1, 2

Population:
N/A

Genotype
  • VKORC1:
    rs9923231 reference (C)/
    rs9923231 reference (C)
VKORC1: The guideline does not provide a description of the impact of the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype) on warfarin. The guideline does not provide a recommendation for warfarin in patients with the VKORC1 rs9923231 CC genotype (-1639 GG genotype). N/A N/A

zuclopenthixol

Guideline Genes Implications Recommendation Comments Classification

PharmGKB-DPWG 1

Population:
N/A

Genotype
Phenotype

Intermediate Metabolizer

Activity Score

0.5-1

CYP2D6: The risk of side effects may be elevated. The genetic variation leads to decreased conversion of zuclopentixol, which causes the plasma concentration to be approximately 1.35-fold higher. Use 75% of the standard dose. N/A N/A

Citations:

Section III: Allele Matching Details

  1. ABCG2 allele match data
  2. CACNA1S allele match data
  3. CFTR allele match data
  4. CYP2B6 allele match data
  5. CYP2C19 allele match data
  6. CYP2C9 allele match data
  7. CYP2D6 allele match data
  8. CYP3A4 allele match data
  9. CYP3A5 allele match data
  10. CYP4F2 allele match data
  11. DPYD allele match data
  12. G6PD allele match data
  13. HLA-B allele match data
  14. IFNL3/4 allele match data
  15. MT-RNR1 allele match data
  16. NUDT15 allele match data
  17. RYR1 allele match data
  18. SLCO1B1 allele match data
  19. TPMT allele match data
  20. UGT1A1 allele match data
  21. VKORC1 allele match data

No data provided for F5, HLA-A.

ABCG2 allele match data

Genotype Matched: rs2231142 reference (G)/rs2231142 reference (G)
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr4:88131171 rs2231142 G/G G rs2231142 variant (T)

CACNA1S allele match data

Genotype Matched: Reference/Reference
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CACNA1S Reference allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr1:201060815 rs1800559 C/C C c.3257G>A
chr1:201091993 rs772226819 G/G G c.520C>T

CFTR allele match data

Genotype Matched: No CPIC variants found
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr7:117509035 rs397508256 G/G G E56K
chr7:117509069 rs368505753 C/C C P67L
chr7:117509089 rs115545701 C/C C R74W
chr7:117530953 rs113993958 G/G G D110H
chr7:117530955 rs397508537 C/C C D110E
chr7:117530974 rs77834169 C/C C R117C
chr7:117530975 rs78655421 G/G G R117H
chr7:117534318 rs80282562 G/G G G178R
chr7:117534363 rs397508759 G/G G E193K
chr7:117534368 rs397508761 A/A A 711+3A->G
chr7:117535285 rs121908752 T/T T L206W
chr7:117540270 rs77932196 G/G G R347H
chr7:117540285 rs121908753 G/G G R352Q
chr7:117548795 rs74551128 C/C C A455E
chr7:117587799 rs121908757 A/A A S549R(A>C)
chr7:117587800 rs121908755 G/G G S549N
chr7:117587801 rs121909005 T/T T S549R(T>G)
chr7:117587805 rs121909013 G/G G G551S
chr7:117587806 rs75527207 G/G G G551D
chr7:117590409 rs397508288 A/A A D579G
chr7:117594930 rs397508387 G/G G E831X
chr7:117602868 rs80224560 G/G G 2789+5G->A
chr7:117603708 rs397508442 C/C C S945L
chr7:117606695 rs141033578 C/C C S977F
chr7:117611555 rs76151804 A/A A 3272-26A->G
chr7:117611595 rs150212784 T/T T F1052V
chr7:117611620 rs397508513 A/A A K1060T
chr7:117611640 rs121909020 G/G G A1067T
chr7:117611646 rs200321110 G/G G G1069R
chr7:117611649 rs202179988 C/C C R1070W
chr7:117611650 rs78769542 G/G G R1070Q
chr7:117611663 rs186045772 T/T T F1074L
chr7:117614699 rs75541969 G/G G D1152H
chr7:117639961 rs75039782 C/C C 3849+10kbC->T
chr7:117642451 rs267606723 G/G G G1244E
chr7:117642472 rs74503330 G/G G S1251N
chr7:117642483 rs121909041 T/T T S1255P
chr7:117642528 rs11971167 G/G G D1270N
chr7:117664770 rs193922525 G/G G G1349D

CYP2B6 allele match data

Genotype Matched: *1/*1
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP2B6 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr19:40991224 rs34223104 T/T T *22 *34 *35 *36
chr19:40991367 rs34883432 A/A A *10
chr19:40991369 rs8192709 C/C C *2 *10
chr19:40991381 rs33973337 A/A A *17
chr19:40991388 rs33980385 A/A A *17
chr19:40991390 rs33926104 C/C C *17
chr19:40991391 rs34284776 G/G G *17
chr19:40991441 rs35303484 A/A A *11
chr19:41004015 rs281864907 T/T T *38
chr19:41004125 rs36060847 G/G G *12
chr19:41004133 rs148009906 G/G G *44
chr19:41004158 rs186335453 G/G G *35
chr19:41004303 rs139801276 T/T T *35
chr19:41004377 rs12721655 A/A A *8 *13
chr19:41004380 rs535039125 C/C C *39
chr19:41004381 rs35773040 G/G G *14
chr19:41004406 rs145884402 G/G G *35
chr19:41006919 rs3826711 C/C C *26
chr19:41006923 rs36056539 C/C C *20
chr19:41006936 rs3745274 G/G G *6 *7 *9 *13 *19 *20 *26 *34 *36 *37 *38 *39 *40 *41 *42 *43
chr19:41006967 rs58871670 G/G G *45
chr19:41006968 rs373489637 T/T T *37
chr19:41007013 rs36079186 T/T T *27 *35
chr19:41009313 A/A A *46
chr19:41009350 rs45482602 C/C C *3
chr19:41009358 rs2279343 A/A A *4 *6 *7 *13 *18 *19 *20 *26 *34 *36 *37 *38 *39 *40 *41 *42 *43
chr19:41010006 rs139029625 G/G G *35
chr19:41010088 rs34698757 C/C C *28
chr19:41010108 rs193922917 C/C C *31
chr19:41012316 rs28399499 T/T T *18
chr19:41012339 rs34826503 C/C C *19
chr19:41012393 rs754621576 T/T T *47
chr19:41012394 rs780991919 A/A A *47
chr19:41012465 rs34097093 C/C C *28
chr19:41012466 rs200458614 G/G G *40
chr19:41012471 rs201500445 T/T T *41
chr19:41012478 rs200238771 T/T T *48
chr19:41012693 rs35979566 T/T T *15
chr19:41012740 rs193922918 G/G G *32
chr19:41012803 rs35010098 C/C C *21
chr19:41016652 rs764288403 G/G G *49
chr19:41016679 rs374099483 G/G G *42
chr19:41016726 rs3211369 A/A A *23
chr19:41016741 rs117872433 G/G G *43
chr19:41016778 rs564083989 G/G G *24
chr19:41016805 A/A A *25
chr19:41016810 rs3211371 C/C C *5 *7 *33 *34

CYP2C19 allele match data

Genotype Matched: *38/*38
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP2C19 *38 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr10:94761900 rs12248560 C/C C *1 *4 *17
chr10:94762706 rs28399504 A/A A *1 *4
chr10:94762712 rs367543002 C/C C *1 *34
chr10:94762715 rs367543003 T/T T *1 *34
chr10:94762755 rs55752064 T/T T *1 *14
chr10:94762760 rs17882687 A/A A *1 *15 *28 *35 *39
chr10:94762788 rs1564656981 A/A A *1 *29
chr10:94762856 rs1564657013 A/A A *1 *19
chr10:94775106 rs145328984 C/C C *1 *30
chr10:94775121 rs1564660997 C/C C *1 *31
chr10:94775160 rs118203756 G/G G *1 *23
chr10:94775185 rs1288601658 A/A A *1 *32
chr10:94775367 rs12769205 A/A A *1 *2 *35
chr10:94775416 rs41291556 T/T T *1 *8
chr10:94775423 rs17885179 A/A A *1 *39
chr10:94775453 rs72552267 G/G G *1 *6
chr10:94775489 rs17884712 G/G G *1 *9
chr10:94775507 rs58973490 G/G G *1 *2 *11
chr10:94780574 rs140278421 G/G G *1 *22
chr10:94780579 rs370803989 G/G G *1 *33
chr10:94780653 rs4986893 G/G G *1 *3
chr10:94781858 rs6413438 C/C C *1 *10
chr10:94781859 rs4244285 G/G G *1 *2
chr10:94781944 rs375781227 G/G G *1 *26
chr10:94781999 rs72558186 T/T T *1 *7
chr10:94842861 rs138142612 G/G G *1 *18
chr10:94842866 rs3758581 A/A A *1 *2 *3 *4 *5 *6 *7 *8 *9 *10 *11 *12 *13 *14 *15 *17 *18 *19 *22 *23 *24 *25 *26 *28 *29 *31 *32 *33 *35 *39
chr10:94842879 rs118203757 G/G G *1 *24
chr10:94842995 rs113934938 G/G G *1 *28
chr10:94849995 rs17879685 C/C C *1 *13
chr10:94852738 rs56337013 C/C C *1 *5
chr10:94852765 rs192154563 C/C C *1 *16
chr10:94852785 rs118203759 C/C C *1 *25
chr10:94852914 rs55640102 A/A A *1 *12

CYP2C9 allele match data

Genotype Matched: *1/*1
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP2C9 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr10:94938683 rs114071557 A/A A *36
chr10:94938719 T/T T *80
chr10:94938737 rs67807361 C/C C *7
chr10:94938771 rs142240658 C/C C *21
chr10:94938788 C/C C *83
chr10:94938800 rs1364419386 G/G G *76
chr10:94938803 rs2031308986 A/A A *22
chr10:94938828 rs564813580 A/A A *37
chr10:94941897 rs371055887 G/G G *20
chr10:94941915 G/G G *23
chr10:94941958 rs72558187 T/T T *13
chr10:94941975 G/G G *77
chr10:94941976 G/G G *38
chr10:94941982 rs762239445 G/G G *39
chr10:94942018 T/T T *40
chr10:94942205 rs1304490498 CAATGGAAA
GA/
CAATGGAAA
GA
CAATGGAAA
GA
*25
chr10:94942216 rs774607211 A/A A *41
chr10:94942230 rs767576260 C/C C *43
chr10:94942231 rs12414460 G/G G *42
chr10:94942233 rs375805362 C/C C *62
chr10:94942234 rs72558189 G/G G *14 *35
chr10:94942243 rs1375956433 T/T T *78
chr10:94942249 rs200965026 C/C C *26 *44
chr10:94942254 rs199523631 C/C C *45
chr10:94942255 rs200183364 G/G G *33
chr10:94942290 rs1799853 C/C C *2 *35 *61
chr10:94942291 rs141489852 G/G G *63
chr10:94942305 rs754487195 G/G G *46
chr10:94942306 rs1289704600 C/C C *72
chr10:94942308 rs17847037 C/C C *73
chr10:94942309 rs7900194 G/G G *8 *27
chr10:94947782 rs72558190 C/C C *15
chr10:94947785 rs774550549 C/C C *47
chr10:94947869 A/A A *69
chr10:94947907 A/A A *57
chr10:94947917 rs1326630788 T/T T *48
chr10:94947938 rs2031531005 A/A A *28
chr10:94947939 rs370100007 G/G G *74
chr10:94949129 A/A A *49
chr10:94949144 C/C C *50
chr10:94949145 rs772782449 C/C C *82
chr10:94949161 AT/AT AT *85
chr10:94949217 rs2256871 A/A A *9
chr10:94949280 rs9332130 A/A A *10 *71
chr10:94949281 rs9332131 GA/GA GA *6
chr10:94972119 rs182132442 C/C C *29
chr10:94972123 C/C C *64
chr10:94972134 A/A A *51
chr10:94972179 rs72558192 A/A A *16
chr10:94972180 rs988617574 C/C C *52
chr10:94972183 A/A A *81
chr10:94972233 rs1237225311 C/C C *53
chr10:94981199 G/G G *65
chr10:94981201 rs57505750 T/T T *31
chr10:94981224 rs28371685 C/C C *11
chr10:94981225 rs367826293 G/G G *34
chr10:94981230 rs1274535931 C/C C *58
chr10:94981250 rs750820937 C/C C *54
chr10:94981258 rs1297714792 C/C C *79
chr10:94981281 rs749060448 G/G G *24
chr10:94981296 rs1057910 A/A A *3 *18 *68
chr10:94981297 rs56165452 T/T T *4
chr10:94981301 rs28371686 C/C C *5
chr10:94981302 rs1250577724 C/C C *55
chr10:94981305 rs578144976 C/C C *66
chr10:94981365 C/C C *17
chr10:94981371 rs542577750 G/G G *68
chr10:94986042 rs764211126 A/A A *56
chr10:94986073 rs72558193 A/A A *18
chr10:94986136 rs1254213342 A/A A *75
chr10:94986174 rs1441296358 G/G G *84
chr10:94988852 rs776908257 C/C C *67
chr10:94988855 A/A A *59
chr10:94988880 G/G G *70
chr10:94988917 rs769942899 G/G G *19
chr10:94988925 rs202201137 A/A A *61
chr10:94988955 rs767284820 T/T T *60
chr10:94988984 rs781583846 G/G G *30
chr10:94989020 rs9332239 C/C C *12 *71
chr10:94989023 rs868182778 G/G G *32

Other Positions of Interest

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF
chr10:94645745 rs12777823 G/G

CYP2D6 allele match data

Genotype Reported: *1/*3
This comes from an outside data source which does not supply position-level detail. For specific disclaimers and limitations, see the original genotyping source.

CYP3A4 allele match data

Genotype Matched: *1/*1
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP3A4 alleles are determined based on PharmVar CYP3A4 allele definitions. See PharmCAT disclaimer for further information.
The CYP3A4 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr7:99758183 rs67666821 G/G G *20
chr7:99760836 rs4986913 G/G G *19
chr7:99760901 rs4986910 A/A A *3 *37 *38
chr7:99760956 rs774109750 T/T T *34
chr7:99762047 rs4986909 G/G G *13
chr7:99762177 rs12721629 G/G G *12
chr7:99762186 rs756833413 C/C C *33
chr7:99762206 rs67784355 G/G G *11 *38
chr7:99763877 rs368296206 A/A A *32
chr7:99763909 rs1303250043 G/G G *31
chr7:99763925 T/T T *21
chr7:99764003 rs28371759 A/A A *18
chr7:99766411 rs4646438 G/G G *6
chr7:99766440 rs138105638 G/G G *26
chr7:99768360 rs55785340 A/A A *2
chr7:99768371 rs55901263 G/G G *5
chr7:99768424 rs113667357 T/T T *24
chr7:99768458 rs4987161 A/A A *17
chr7:99768470 rs12721627 G/G G *16
chr7:99768693 rs35599367 G/G G *22 *37
chr7:99769769 rs4986908 C/C C *10
chr7:99769781 rs72552798 C/C C *9
chr7:99769804 rs4986907 C/C C *15
chr7:99769805 rs57409622 G/G G *23
chr7:99770165 rs72552799 C/C C *8
chr7:99770166 rs778013004 G/G G *30
chr7:99770202 rs55951658 T/T T *4
chr7:99770217 rs1449865051 A/A A *29
chr7:99778079 rs56324128 C/C C *7
chr7:99784018 rs570051168 G/G G *28
chr7:99784038 rs12721634 A/A A *14
chr7:99784075 rs188389063 G/G G *35

CYP3A5 allele match data

Genotype Matched: *1/*1
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP3A5 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr7:99652770 rs41303343 T/T T *7
chr7:99660516 rs28383479 C/C C *9
chr7:99665212 rs10264272 C/C C *6
chr7:99672916 rs776746 T/T T *3
chr7:99676198 rs55817950 G/G G *8

CYP4F2 allele match data

Genotype Matched: *1/*1
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The CYP4F2 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr19:15878779 rs3093200 G/G G *5
chr19:15879621 rs2108622 C/C C *3 *4
chr19:15890405 rs3093153 C/C C *6
chr19:15897566 rs114099324 C/C C *7
chr19:15897578 rs3093105 A/A A *2 *4

DPYD allele match data

Genotype Matched: Reference/Reference
Phasing Status:

Unphased

The two lowest activity values (variant activity scores, see CPIC guideline PMID: 29152729) are used to determine the gene activity score and phenotype type to retrieve prescribing recommendations.
The DPYD Reference allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr1:97078987 rs114096998 G/G G c.3067C>A
chr1:97078993 rs148799944 C/C C c.3061G>C
chr1:97079005 rs140114515 C/C C c.3049G>A
chr1:97079071 rs1801268 C/C C c.2983G>T (*10)
chr1:97079076 rs139459586 A/A A c.2978T>G
chr1:97079077 rs202144771 G/G G c.2977C>T
chr1:97079121 rs72547601 T/T T c.2933A>G
chr1:97079133 rs72547602 T/T T c.2921A>T
chr1:97079139 rs145529148 T/T T c.2915A>G
chr1:97082365 rs141044036 T/T T c.2872A>G
chr1:97082391 rs67376798 T/T T c.2846A>T
chr1:97098598 rs1801267 C/C C c.2657G>A (*9B)
chr1:97098599 rs147545709 G/G G c.2656C>T
chr1:97098616 rs55674432 C/C C c.2639G>T
chr1:97098632 rs201035051 T/T T c.2623A>C
chr1:97193109 rs60139309 T/T T c.2582A>G
chr1:97193209 rs200687447 C/C C c.2482G>A
chr1:97234958 rs199634007 G/G G c.2336C>A
chr1:97234991 rs56005131 G/G G c.2303C>A
chr1:97305279 rs112766203 G/G G c.2279C>T
chr1:97305363 rs60511679 A/A A c.2195T>G
chr1:97305364 rs1801160 C/C C c.2194G>A (*6)
chr1:97305372 rs146529561 G/G G c.2186C>T
chr1:97306195 rs145548112 C/C C c.2161G>A
chr1:97373598 rs137999090 C/C C c.2021G>A
chr1:97373629 rs138545885 C/C C c.1990G>T
chr1:97382461 rs55971861 T/T T c.1906A>C
chr1:97450058 rs3918290 C/C C c.1905+1G>A (*2A)
chr1:97450059 rs3918289 G/G G c.1905C>G
chr1:97450065 rs72549303 TG/TG TG c.1898delC (*3)
chr1:97450068 rs17376848 A/A A c.1896T>C
chr1:97450168 rs147601618 A/A A c.1796T>C
chr1:97450187 rs145773863 C/C C c.1777G>A
chr1:97450189 rs138616379 C/C C c.1775G>A
chr1:97450190 rs59086055 G/G G c.1774C>T
chr1:97515784 rs201615754 C/C C c.1682G>T
chr1:97515787 rs55886062 A/A A c.1679T>G (*13)
chr1:97515839 rs1801159 T/T T c.1627A>G (*5)
chr1:97515851 rs142619737 C/C C c.1615G>A
chr1:97515865 rs1801158 C/C C c.1601G>A (*4)
chr1:97515889 rs190951787 G/G G c.1577C>G
chr1:97515923 rs148994843 C/C C c.1543G>A
chr1:97549565 rs138391898 C/C C c.1519G>A
chr1:97549600 rs111858276 T/T T c.1484A>G
chr1:97549609 rs72549304 G/G G c.1475C>T
chr1:97549681 rs199549923 G/G G c.1403C>A
chr1:97549713 rs57918000 G/G G c.1371C>T
chr1:97549726 rs144395748 G/G G c.1358C>G
chr1:97549735 rs72975710 G/G G c.1349C>T
chr1:97573785 rs186169810 A/A A c.1314T>G
chr1:97573805 rs142512579 C/C C c.1294G>A
chr1:97573821 rs764666241 C/C C c.1278G>T
chr1:97573839 rs200064537 A/A A c.1260T>A
chr1:97573863 rs56038477 C/C C c.1129-5923C>G, c.1236G>A (HapB3)
chr1:97573881 rs61622928 C/C C c.1218G>A
chr1:97573918 rs143815742 C/C C c.1181G>T
chr1:97573919 rs140602333 G/G G c.1180C>T
chr1:97573943 rs78060119 C/C C c.1156G>T (*12)
chr1:97579893 rs75017182 G/G G c.1129-5923C>G, c.1236G>A (HapB3)
chr1:97593238 rs72549305 T/T T c.1108A>G
chr1:97593289 rs143154602 G/G G c.1057C>T
chr1:97593322 rs183385770 C/C C c.1024G>A
chr1:97593343 rs72549306 C/C C c.1003G>T (*11)
chr1:97593379 rs201018345 C/C C c.967G>A
chr1:97595083 rs145112791 G/G G c.934C>T
chr1:97595088 rs150437414 A/A A c.929T>C
chr1:97595149 rs146356975 T/T T c.868A>G
chr1:97679170 rs45589337 T/T T c.775A>G
chr1:97691776 rs1801266 G/G G c.703C>T (*8)
chr1:97699399 rs72549307 T/T T c.632A>G
chr1:97699430 rs72549308 T/T T c.601A>C
chr1:97699474 rs115232898 T/T T c.557A>G
chr1:97699506 rs6670886 C/C C c.525G>A
chr1:97699533 rs139834141 C/C C c.498G>A
chr1:97699535 rs2297595 T/T T c.496A>G
chr1:97721542 rs200562975 T/T T c.451A>G
chr1:97721650 rs141462178 T/T T c.343A>G
chr1:97740400 rs150385342 C/C C c.313G>A
chr1:97740410 rs72549309 GATGA/
GATGA
GATGA c.295_298delTCAT (*7)
chr1:97883329 rs1801265 A/A A c.85T>C (*9A)
chr1:97883352 rs80081766 C/C C c.62G>A
chr1:97883353 rs72549310 G/G G c.61C>T
chr1:97883368 rs150036960 G/G G c.46C>G

G6PD allele match data

Genotype Matched: B (reference)/B (reference)
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

PharmCAT reports based on VCF file input and some VCF files do not specify hemizygous (one X chromosome) and instead represent samples as homozygous. See PharmCAT FAQs (https://pharmcat.org/faqs/).
The G6PD B (reference) allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chrX:154532046 A/A A Bangkok Noi
chrX:154532055 CTCT/CTCT CTCT Brighton
chrX:154532082 G/G G Arakawa
chrX:154532083 G/G G Buenos Aires
chrX:154532085 C/C C Campinas
chrX:154532086 C/C C Fukaya
chrX:154532203 rs137852348 G/G G Split
chrX:154532231 T/T T Laibin
chrX:154532245 rs137852344 G/G G Neapolis
chrX:154532257 rs72554664 C/C C Kaiping, Anant, Dhon, Sapporo-like, Wosera
chrX:154532258 G/G G Flores Kamiube, Keelung
chrX:154532264 rs782608284 C/C C Yunan
chrX:154532265 C/C C Nice
chrX:154532269 rs72554665 C/C C Bangkok Noi Canton, Taiwan-Hakka, Gifu-like, Agrigento-like Cosenza
chrX:154532278 T/T T Amiens
chrX:154532279 C/C C Figuera da Foz
chrX:154532389 rs137852324 C/C C Andalus
chrX:154532390 rs398123546 G/G G Hermoupolis Honiara Union,Maewo, Chinese-2, Kalo
chrX:154532392 A/A A Harima
chrX:154532403 C/C C Cassano Hermoupolis
chrX:154532408 T/T T S. Antioco
chrX:154532411 rs137852317 C/C C Santiago de Cuba, Morioka
chrX:154532432 G/G G Telti/Kobe
chrX:154532434 rs137852337 C/C C Pawnee
chrX:154532458 A/A A Sumare
chrX:154532459 rs782098548 C/C C Surabaya
chrX:154532570 G/G G Georgia
chrX:154532590 G/G G 202G>A_376A>G_1264C>G
chrX:154532608 C/C C Tokyo, Fukushima
chrX:154532623 T/T T Munich
chrX:154532625 rs137852336 C/C C Japan, Shinagawa Kawasaki
chrX:154532626 rs137852323 C/C C Riverside
chrX:154532628 G/G G Suwalki
chrX:154532629 G/G G Utrecht
chrX:154532634 T/T T Abeno
chrX:154532639 C/C C Clinic
chrX:154532649 G/G G Covao do Lobo
chrX:154532661 T/T T Anadia
chrX:154532662 rs137852325 C/C C Puerto Limon
chrX:154532667 G/G G Bari
chrX:154532674 rs137852335 C/C C Alhambra
chrX:154532676 rs137852316 C/C C Nashville, Anaheim, Portici
chrX:154532677 G/G G Wisconsin
chrX:154532679 A/A A Krakow
chrX:154532688 T/T T Praha
chrX:154532692 T/T T Hartford
chrX:154532694 rs137852321 C/C C Beverly Hills, Genova, Iwate, Niigata, Yamaguchi
chrX:154532695 rs137852334 G/G G Guadalajara Mt Sinai
chrX:154532698 rs137852320 T/T T Iowa, Walter Reed, Springfield
chrX:154532699 G/G G Madrid
chrX:154532700 C/C C Lynwood
chrX:154532701 rs137852322 A/A A Tomah
chrX:154532713 A/A A Olomouc
chrX:154532715 A/A A Riley
chrX:154532716 T/T T Calvo Mackenna
chrX:154532722 rs371489738 C/C C Montpellier
chrX:154532752 CGGCCTTGC
GCTCGTTCA
G/
CGGCCTTGC
GCTCGTTCA
G
CGGCCTTGC
GCTCGTTCA
G
Tondela
chrX:154532758 T/T T Tenri
chrX:154532765 rs137852329 G/G G Aachen Loma Linda
chrX:154532772 rs137852345 G/G G Serres
chrX:154532773 C/C C Iwatsuki
chrX:154532797 rs137852333 G/G G Ierapetra
chrX:154532802 C/C C Partenope
chrX:154532945 rs34193178 C/C C Mira d'Aire
chrX:154532956 rs398123544 T/T T Cincinnati
chrX:154532969 rs137852342 G/G G Chinese-5
chrX:154532987 T/T T Torun
chrX:154532989 G/G G Fushan
chrX:154532990 rs5030869 C/C C Chatham
chrX:154533004 C/C C Insuli
chrX:154533012 CGTGGGGTC
GTCCAGGTA
CCCTTTG/
CGTGGGGTC
GTCCAGGTA
CCCTTTG
CGTGGGGTC
GTCCAGGTA
CCCTTTG
Nara
chrX:154533016 G/G G Farroupilha
chrX:154533025 rs76723693 A/A A A- 968C_376G
chrX:154533029 rs137852347 A/A A Rehevot
chrX:154533031 C/C C Manhattan
chrX:154533044 rs137852339 C/C C Kalyan-Kerala, Jamnaga, Rohini
chrX:154533064 C/C C Ludhiana
chrX:154533072 C/C C Omiya
chrX:154533077 C/C C Seoul
chrX:154533083 C/C C West Virginia
chrX:154533122 rs137852327 C/C C Ananindeua Hechi Viangchan, Jammu
chrX:154533586 rs74575103 C/C C Montalbano
chrX:154533587 G/G G Osaka
chrX:154533589 A/A A Piotrkow
chrX:154533591 G/G G Papua
chrX:154533592 T/T T Mizushima
chrX:154533596 rs137852318 C/C C Bajo Maumere Seattle, Lodi, Modena, Ferrara II, Athens-like
chrX:154533605 T/T T Chinese-1 Haikou
chrX:154533607 G/G G Wexham
chrX:154533608 A/A A La Jolla
chrX:154533614 G/G G Sugao
chrX:154533615 C/C C Bangkok
chrX:154533619 T/T T Lille
chrX:154533620 C/C C Cleveland Corum
chrX:154533629 C/C C Roubaix
chrX:154533634 rs137852346 C/C C Aveiro
chrX:154534036 G/G G Wayne
chrX:154534074 TCAGTGC/
TCAGTGC
TCAGTGC Stonybrook
chrX:154534092 T/T T Durham
chrX:154534102 rs782757170 G/G G Nanning
chrX:154534110 C/C C Asahikawa
chrX:154534116 ATGT/ATGT ATGT North Dallas
chrX:154534125 rs137852328 C/C C A- 680T_376G Mexico City
chrX:154534126 G/G G Radlowo
chrX:154534157 rs137852319 A/A A Harilaou
chrX:154534345 rs137852326 C/C C Cincinnati Minnesota, Marion, Gastonia, LeJeune
chrX:154534348 rs782754619 T/T T Sibari
chrX:154534387 rs781865768 T/T T Dagua
chrX:154534389 rs137852332 C/C C Nilgiri Santiago
chrX:154534390 rs137852330 G/G G Coimbra Shunde Vancouver
chrX:154534409 G/G G Pedoplis-Ckaro
chrX:154534414 GGGA/GGGA GGGA Tsukui
chrX:154534419 rs5030868 G/G G Mediterranean, Dallas, Panama, Sassari, Cagliari, Birmingham
chrX:154534438 rs267606836 G/G G Vancouver
chrX:154534440 rs5030872 T/T T Malaga Santa Maria
chrX:154534447 T/T T Chikugo
chrX:154534455 T/T T Shinshu
chrX:154534463 G/G G Miaoli
chrX:154534465 rs137852343 A/A A Nankang
chrX:154534468 G/G G Volendam
chrX:154534485 C/C C Naone
chrX:154534486 G/G G Toledo
chrX:154534489 rs137852331 T/T T Taipei, Chinese-3
chrX:154534494 C/C C Plymouth
chrX:154534495 rs137852314 C/C C Mahidol
chrX:154535176 rs370918918 C/C C Gond
chrX:154535180 rs782487723 C/C C Shenzen
chrX:154535187 rs137852313 C/C C Ilesha
chrX:154535190 G/G G Acrokorinthos
chrX:154535211 C/C C Liuzhou
chrX:154535244 G/G G Belem
chrX:154535247 G/G G Valladolid
chrX:154535249 rs782322505 T/T T Cairo
chrX:154535261 C/C C Quing Yan
chrX:154535269 G/G G Crispim
chrX:154535270 rs78365220 A/A A Crispim Salerno Pyrgos Vanua Lava
chrX:154535274 C/C C Crispim
chrX:154535277 rs1050829 T/T T 202G>A_376A>G_1264C>G A A- 202A_376G A- 680T_376G A- 968C_376G Acrokorinthos Ananindeua Mt Sinai Santa Maria Sierra Leone
chrX:154535278 C/C C Crispim
chrX:154535301 A/A A Bao Loc
chrX:154535316 rs5030870 C/C C Sao Borja
chrX:154535330 A/A A Hammersmith
chrX:154535336 rs267606835 G/G G Vancouver
chrX:154535342 rs181277621 C/C C Sierra Leone
chrX:154535367 GCTT/GCTT GCTT Urayasu
chrX:154535379 G/G G Guangzhou
chrX:154535962 rs782308266 C/C C Lagosanto
chrX:154535963 rs138687036 G/G G Ube Konan
chrX:154535980 A/A A Swansea
chrX:154535995 rs782090947 T/T T Murcia Oristano
chrX:154535996 rs137852349 A/A A Namouru
chrX:154536002 rs1050828 C/C C 202G>A_376A>G_1264C>G A- 202A_376G Asahi Hechi
chrX:154536008 A/A A Songklanagarind
chrX:154536019 G/G G Amazonia Musashino
chrX:154536021 CAGA/CAGA CAGA Amsterdam
chrX:154536025 A/A A Costanzo
chrX:154536032 rs137852315 C/C C Metaponto
chrX:154536034 C/C C Palestrina
chrX:154536035 G/G G Kamogawa
chrX:154536045 C/C C Kozukata
chrX:154536151 G/G G Kambos
chrX:154536156 rs76645461 A/A A Aures
chrX:154536168 rs78478128 G/G G Orissa
chrX:154536169 C/C C Rignano
chrX:154546045 rs137852338 CATG/CATG CATG Sunderland
chrX:154546046 A/A A Gidra
chrX:154546057 T/T T Honiara
chrX:154546061 rs137852340 T/T T Gaohe
chrX:154546116 C/C C Lages
chrX:154546122 C/C C Sinnai
chrX:154546131 G/G G No name

HLA-B allele match data

Genotype Reported: *15:02/*57:01
This comes from an outside data source which does not supply position-level detail. For specific disclaimers and limitations, see the original genotyping source.

IFNL3/4 allele match data

Genotype Matched: rs12979860 reference (C)/rs12979860 reference (C)
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr19:39248147 rs12979860 C/C C rs12979860 variant (T)

MT-RNR1 allele match data

Genotype Reported: 1555A>G
This comes from an outside data source which does not supply position-level detail. For specific disclaimers and limitations, see the original genotyping source.

NUDT15 allele match data

Genotype Matched: *1/*1
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The NUDT15 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr13:48037748 rs769369441 T/T T *10
chr13:48037749 G/G G *19
chr13:48037782 rs746071566 AGGAGTC/
AGGAGTC
AGGAGTC *2 *6 *9
chr13:48037798 rs186364861 G/G G *5
chr13:48037825 rs777311140 C/C C *14
chr13:48037834 rs1202487323 C/C C *16
chr13:48037847 rs766023281 G/G G *7
chr13:48037849 A/A A *8
chr13:48037885 rs1950545307 G/G G *11
chr13:48037902 rs149436418 C/C C *12
chr13:48040977 rs1457579126 GA/GA GA *18
chr13:48041103 rs761191455 T/T T *13
chr13:48041113 rs1368252918 G/G G *17
chr13:48045690 rs768324690 C/C C *20
chr13:48045719 rs116855232 C/C C *2 *3
chr13:48045720 rs147390019 G/G G *4
chr13:48045771 rs139551410 T/T T *15

RYR1 allele match data

Genotype Matched: Reference/Reference
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The RYR1 Reference allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr19:38440802 rs193922747 T/T T c.103T>C
chr19:38440829 rs193922748 C/C C c.130C>T
chr19:38444211 rs118192161 C/C C c.487C>T
chr19:38444212 rs193922753 G/G G c.488G>T
chr19:38446710 rs1801086 G/G G c.742G>A c.742G>C
chr19:38448673 rs193922762 C/C C c.982C>T
chr19:38448712 rs121918592 G/G G c.1021G>A c.1021G>C
chr19:38451842 rs193922764 C/C C c.1201C>T
chr19:38451850 rs118192116 C/C C c.1209C>G
chr19:38455359 rs118192162 A/A A c.1565A>C
chr19:38455463 rs111888148 G/G G c.1589G>A
chr19:38455471 rs193922768 C/C C c.1597C>T
chr19:38455472 rs144336148 G/G G c.1598G>A
chr19:38455528 rs193922770 C/C C c.1654C>T
chr19:38457545 rs118192172 C/C C c.1840C>T
chr19:38457546 rs193922772 G/G G c.1841G>T
chr19:38494564 rs118192175 C/C C c.6487C>T
chr19:38494565 rs118192163 G/G G c.6488G>A
chr19:38494579 rs118192176 G/G G c.6502G>A
chr19:38496283 rs118192177 C/C C c.6617C>G c.6617C>T
chr19:38499223 rs112563513 G/G G c.7007G>A
chr19:38499644 rs121918596 TGGA/TGGA TGGA c.7042_7044delGAG
chr19:38499655 rs193922802 G/G G c.7048G>A
chr19:38499670 rs193922803 C/C C c.7063C>T
chr19:38499731 rs193922807 G/G G c.7124G>C
chr19:38499975 rs193922809 G/G G c.7282G>A
chr19:38499993 rs121918593 G/G G c.7300G>A
chr19:38499997 rs28933396 G/G G c.7304G>A
chr19:38500636 rs118192124 C/C C c.7354C>T
chr19:38500642 rs193922816 C/C C c.7360C>T
chr19:38500643 rs118192122 G/G G c.7361G>A
chr19:38500654 rs28933397 C/C C c.7372C>T
chr19:38500655 rs121918594 G/G G c.7373G>A
chr19:38500898 rs118192178 C/C C c.7522C>G c.7522C>T
chr19:38500899 rs193922818 G/G G c.7523G>A
chr19:38512321 rs193922832 G/G G c.9310G>A
chr19:38543832 rs193922843 G/G G c.11969G>T
chr19:38580004 rs118192167 A/A A c.14387A>G
chr19:38580094 rs121918595 C/C C c.14477C>T
chr19:38580114 rs193922876 C/C C c.14497C>T
chr19:38580370 rs193922878 C/C C c.14512C>G
chr19:38580403 rs118192168 G/G G c.14545G>A
chr19:38580440 rs63749869 G/G G c.14582G>A
chr19:38584989 rs118192170 T/T T c.14693T>C

SLCO1B1 allele match data

Genotype Matched: *1/*1
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The SLCO1B1 genotype (star nomenclature) will be displayed if determinable with the provided VCF based on the SLCO1B1 star allele definition published by CPIC and recommendations are provided based on the genotype.

In case no genotype can be determined, recommendations are based on the rs4149056 genotype alone as per guideline. The minor C allele at rs4149056 defines SLCO1B1*5.
The SLCO1B1 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr12:21172734 rs139257324 C/C C *33
chr12:21172776 rs373327528 G/G G *23
chr12:21172782 rs56101265 T/T T *2 *12
chr12:21174595 rs56061388 T/T T *3 *13
chr12:21176804 rs2306283 A/A A *14 *15 *20 *24 *25 *27 *28 *29 *30 *31 *32 *33 *37 *39 *42 *43 *44 *46 *47
chr12:21176868 rs2306282 A/A A *16
chr12:21176871 G/G G *38
chr12:21176879 rs11045819 C/C C *4 *14 *25 *32 *43
chr12:21176883 rs72559745 A/A A *3 *13
chr12:21176898 rs77271279 G/G G *41
chr12:21178612 rs141467543 A/A A *42
chr12:21178615 rs4149056 T/T T *5 *15 *40 *46 *47
chr12:21178957 rs79135870 A/A A *30
chr12:21196951 rs11045852 A/A A *24 *25 *28 *32 *33 *43 *44
chr12:21196975 rs183501729 C/C C *39
chr12:21196976 rs11045853 G/G G *25 *28 *33
chr12:21200544 rs72559747 C/C C *47
chr12:21200595 rs55901008 T/T T *6
chr12:21202553 rs1228465562 T/T T *36
chr12:21202555 rs59113707 C/C C *27
chr12:21202649 rs56387224 A/A A *7
chr12:21202664 rs142965323 G/G G *26
chr12:21205921 rs72559748 A/A A *8
chr12:21205999 rs59502379 G/G G *9 *31
chr12:21206031 rs74064213 A/A A *43 *44
chr12:21222355 rs71581941 C/C C *45 *46
chr12:21239042 rs34671512 A/A A *19 *20 *40
chr12:21239077 rs56199088 A/A A *10 *12
chr12:21239113 rs55737008 A/A A *11 *13
chr12:21239145 rs200995543 C/C C *34
chr12:21239158 rs140790673 C/C C *29

TPMT allele match data

Genotype Matched: *1/*1
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The TPMT *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr6:18130687 rs1142345 T/T T *3A *3C *41
chr6:18130694 rs150900439 T/T T *20
chr6:18130725 rs72552736 A/A A *7
chr6:18130729 rs139392616 C/C C *40
chr6:18130758 rs398122996 A/A A *37
chr6:18130762 rs56161402 C/C C *8
chr6:18130772 rs377085266 A/A A *25
chr6:18130781 rs1800584 C/C C *4
chr6:18132136 rs72556347 A/A A *26
chr6:18132147 rs79901429 A/A A *31
chr6:18132163 C/C C *36
chr6:18133845 rs75543815 T/T T *6
chr6:18133847 rs6921269 C/C C *24
chr6:18133870 rs772832951 A/A A *38
chr6:18133884 rs74423290 G/G G *23
chr6:18133887 rs201695576 T/T T *44
chr6:18133890 rs9333570 C/C C *15
chr6:18138969 rs144041067 C/C C *16 *22
chr6:18138970 rs112339338 G/G G *33
chr6:18138997 rs1800460 C/C C *3A *3B
chr6:18139027 rs72552737 C/C C *10
chr6:18139689 rs72552738 C/C C *11
chr6:18139710 rs200220210 G/G G *12
chr6:18143597 T/T T *19
chr6:18143606 rs151149760 T/T T *9
chr6:18143613 C/C C *28
chr6:18143622 rs115106679 C/C C *32
chr6:18143643 A/A A *27
chr6:18143700 rs753545734 C/C C *43
chr6:18143718 rs111901354 G/G G *34
chr6:18143724 rs1800462 C/C C *2
chr6:18143728 rs1256618794 C/C C *43
chr6:18147838 rs281874771 G/G G *39
chr6:18147845 rs777686348 C/C C *18
chr6:18147851 rs200591577 G/G G *21
chr6:18147856 A/A A *35
chr6:18147910 rs72552740 A/A A *5
chr6:18149004 G/G G *17
chr6:18149022 rs750424422 C/C C *30
chr6:18149032 rs759836180 C/C C *42
chr6:18149045 rs72552742 T/T T *13
chr6:18149126 rs267607275 A/A A *29
chr6:18149127 rs9333569 T/T T *14

UGT1A1 allele match data

Genotype Matched: *1/*1
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

The UGT1A1 *1 allele assignment is characterized by the absence of variants at the positions that are included in the underlying allele definitions.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr2:233759924 rs887829 C/C C *80 *80+*28 *80+*37
chr2:233760233 rs3064744 CAT/CAT CAT *28 *36 *37 *80+*28 *80+*37
chr2:233760498 rs4148323 G/G G *6
chr2:233760973 rs35350960 C/C C *27

VKORC1 allele match data

Genotype Matched: rs9923231 reference (C)/rs9923231 reference (C)
Phasing Status:

Unphased

PharmCAT reports the genotype(s) that receive the highest score during the matcher process. In case of unphased data, additional genotypes might be possible and cannot be ruled out.

Calls at Positions

Position in VCF RSID Call in VCF Reference Related Alleles Warnings
chr16:31096368 rs9923231 C/C C rs9923231 variant (T)

Disclaimers and Other Information

Liability: PharmCAT assumes no responsibility for any injury to person or damage to persons or property arising out of, or related to any use of PharmCAT, or for any errors or omissions. The user recognizes that PharmCAT is a research tool and that they are using PharmCAT at their own risk.

A. Allele and Genotype Determination

  1. PharmCAT uses gene allele definitions included in the CPIC database, with exceptions as noted in Gene Definition Exceptions document. For allele definitions and the positions used in PharmCAT, see the gene definition tables.
  2. Genes with DPWG recommendations that are not incldued in CPIC are discussed in Section C.
  3. PharmCAT results are dependent on the supplied vcf calls for the queried positions (for technical information about PharmCAT input formatting and requirements, please go to pharmcat.org). PharmCAT does not assume any reference calls for positions missing from the submitted vcf file; all missing queried positions are not considered in the allele determination process. However, if an allele that includes a missing position is defined by an additional position(s) for which calls are provided, the allele will be considered in the matching process based on the available information. This might lead to the output of multiple possible genotypes. See the gene definition tables for more information about what positions are queried in the vcf file. Missing positions might alter the assigned genotype, subsequent phenotype prediction and CPIC recommendation. If the supplied vcf file is missing positions, those positions will be noted in Section III: Allele Matching Details for each gene of this report. For the most reliable allele determination, reference calls as well as variant calls in the vcf file for every queried position must be provided by the user.
  4. For cytochrome P450 genes, TPMT, NUDT15, UGT1A1, and SLCO1B1, the *1 allele is defined by the absence of variation specified in the gene definition tables. This allele cannot be identified by variants; rather, *1 is assigned by default when no variation for the queried positions is reported in the submitted vcf file. The same is true for all other genes with multiple variant positions in the definition table (CACNA1S, CFTR, DPYD, RYR1): the reference sequence is the default result when variants are not reported in the vcf file. It is always possible un-interrogated variation can occur which could potentially affect allele function, but because it is undetected, the assignment would be defaulted to a *1 (or reference) allele and normal function.
  5. For all genes, variation reported in the vcf file but NOT included in the gene definition table will not be considered during allele assignment. There is a possibility that any such variation results in a reduced or no activity allele which could lead to inaccurate phenotype and CPIC recommendation, similar to the situation in point 3, above.
  6. Nucleotide base calls are displayed on the positive chromosomal strand regardless of the gene strand; further information is provided under Gene-specific warnings in Section III: Allele Matching Details.
  7. PharmCAT matches variants to genotypes assuming unphased data (unless phased data is provided in the vcf file and noted as such, see pharmcat.org for details). The assumption is that defined alleles exist in trans configuration, i.e. on opposite chromosomes, with exceptions noted in Section III: Allele Matching Details under "Gene-specific warnings." However, in cases where an allele is defined by a combination of two or more variants, where each variant alone also defines an allele, the match is based on the longer allele. For example, TPMT*3B is defined by one SNP, *3C is defined by another SNP, and *3A is defined by the combination of those two SNPs. In the case of unphased data that is heterozygous for both SNPs, the *1/*3A genotype is returned though the possibility of *3B/*3C cannot be ruled out. Below cases are summarized for which two calls with different scores are possible when provided unphased data and heterozygous calls for the variants that define the two alleles. The genotype with the higher score (longer allele) will be used to determine allele functionality, phenotype, and recommendation but the genotype with the lower score cannot be ruled out. Table 1: Cases for which there is an overlap in the allele definitions.

    Gene Genotype (Higher Score) Metabolizer phenotype Genotype (Lower Score) Metabolizer phenotype
    UGT1A1 *1/*80+*28 Intermediate *28/*80 Indeterminate
    UGT1A1 *1/*80+*37 Intermediate *37/*80 Indeterminate
    TPMT *1/*3A Intermediate *3B/*3C Poor
    NUDT15 *1/*2 Intermediate *3/*6 Possible Intermediate
    CYP2C9 *1/*71 N/A *10/*22 Indeterminate
    CYP2B6 *1/*36 Intermediate *6/*22 Intermediate
    CYP2B6 *1/*34 Intermediate *33/*36 Indeterminate
    CYP2B6 *1/*6 Intermediate *4/*9 Intermediate
    CYP2B6 *1/*7 Intermediate *5/*6 Intermediate
    CYP2B6 *1/*13 Intermediate *6/*8 Intermediate
    SLCO1B1 *1/*46 Decreased function *15/*45 Possible Decreased Function
    SLCO1B1 *1/*20 Normal Function *19/*37 Indeterminate
    SLCO1B1 *1/*12 Indeterminate *2/*10 Indeterminate
    SLCO1B1 *1/*13 Indeterminate *3/*11 Indeterminate
    SLCO1B1 *1/*14 Normal Function *4/*37 Indeterminate
    SLCO1B1 *1/*15 Decreased function *5/*37 Decreased function
    SLCO1B1 *1/*25 Indeterminate *4/*28 Indeterminate
    SLCO1B1 *1/*31 Decreased function *9/*37 Decreased Function
    SLCO1B1 *1/*32 Indeterminate *4/*24 Indeterminate
    SLCO1B1 *1/*40 Indeterminate *5/*19 Possible Decreased Function
    SLCO1B1 *1/*43 Indeterminate *4/*44 Indeterminate
    Table 2: Cases for which there is an overlap in the allele definitions because the definition of the non-*1 allele in
    the genotype with the higher score allows for reference or variant at the position that defines the first allele listed
    in the genotype with the lower score. Both genotypes cannot be ruled out with unphased data if the position that
    overlaps between the respectives alleles is heterozygous (0/1) in addition to heterozyous calls for the other variants
    that define the non-*1 allele in the genotype with the higher score.
    Gene Genotype (Higher Score) Metabolizer phenotype Genotype (Lower Score) Metabolizer phenotype
    ------- ----------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
    CYP2C19 *1/*4 Intermediate *17/*4 Intermediate
    CYP2C19 *1/*2 Intermediate *11/*2 Intermediate
    CYP2C19 *1/*35 Intermediate *15/*35 Intermediate
    CYP2B6 *1/*18 Intermediate *4/*18 Indeterminate

    B. CPIC Allele Function, Phenotype and Recommendation

    1. All content is sourced from the CPIC database.

    C. DPWG Allele Function, Phenotype and Recommendation

    1. PharmGKB annotates PGx-based drug dosing guidelines published by the Royal Dutch Association for the Advancement of Pharmacy - Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG). PharmGKB curates allele function assignments and phenotype mappings from the DPWG to provide genotype specific DPWG guideline recommendations. Where possible, PharmGKB maps DPWG terms to CPIC terms, as outlined on PharmGKB.
    2. CYP3A4 is currently not part of a CPIC guideline. Since the DPWG CYP3A4 documentation includes limit variant notations for the included alleles (only *16, *20, and *22 are specified) PharmCAT relies on PharmVar CYP3A4 allele definitions. The CYP3A4*20 and *22 definitions are the same in both sources, while the *16 allele definition includes besides rs12721627 an additional SNP rs2242480 in PharmVar.
    3. The CPIC UGT1A1 allele definition file includes *6, *27, *28, *36, *37, and *80. Since the DPWG UGT1A1 document does not include allele definitions besides for the UGT1A1 TA box promoter polymorphism, PharmCAT only includes the UGT1A1 positions from the CPIC UGT1A1 allele definition file. Other UGT1A1 alleles can be supplied as outside calls but not be determined from the VCF file by the Named Allele Matcher.
    4. IMPORTANT: As of March 2022, gene information documents from the DPWG are no longer publicly available from the KNMP website. PharmGKB is currently providing PDF versions of these documents to users. These files were downloaded in February 2022. As such, it cannot be guaranteed that these documents match the mappings DPWG may use internally as there have been no publicly accessible updates since February 2022.

    D. PharmCAT Exceptions to the CPIC Guideline Gene List

    1. PharmCAT does not determine CYP2D6, G6PD, MT-RNR1, HLA-A, or HLA-B genotypes from the vcf file, but genotypes for CYP2D6, G6PD, MT-RNR1, HLA-A, or HLA-B can be provided to PharmCAT from an outside source and the corresponding phenotype and prescribing recommendations will be included in the generated report. For the required format of the outside calls refer to PharmCAT documentation.
    2. CPIC has assigned function to the following CYP2D6 CNV alleles: *1x2, *1x≥3, *2x2, *2x≥3, *3x2, *4x2, *4x≥3, *6x2, *9x2, *10x2, *17x2, *29x2, *35x2, *36x2, *41x2, *41x3, *43x2, *45x2. These alleles are part of the CPIC diplotype to phenotype translation and can be connected to recommendations. Other CNV notations from outside calls need to be mapped accordingly.

    E. CPIC Guideline Disclaimers and Caveats

    1. A version of the following quoted disclaimer is part of each CPIC guideline and applies to the CPIC recommendations as used in PharmCAT. For the full description of potential benefits and risks, additional considerations (general and specific to gene-drug pairs), limitations, information about respective gene nomenclature systems, potential drug-drug interactions and clinical factors to consider, please see individual CPIC guidelines (cpicpgx.org).
      1. "CPIC guidelines reflect expert consensus based on clinical evidence and peer-reviewed literature available at the time they are written and are intended only to assist clinicians in decision-making and to identify questions for further research. New evidence may have emerged since the time a guideline was submitted for publication. Guidelines are limited in scope and are not applicable to interventions or diseases not specifically identified. Guidelines do not account for all individual variations among patients and cannot be considered inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other treatments. It remains the responsibility of the health-care provider to determine the best course of treatment for a patient. Adherence to any guidelines is voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding its application to be made solely by the clinician and the patient. CPIC assumes no responsibility for any injury to persons or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of CPIC's guidelines, or for any errors or omissions." (PMID: 27997040)
      2. "Caveats: appropriate use and/or potential misuse of genetic tests. The application of genotype-based dosing is most appropriate when initiating therapy with a tricyclic. Obtaining a pharmacogenetic test after months of drug therapy may be less helpful in some instances, as the drug dose may have already been adjusted based on plasma concentrations, response, or side effects. Similar to all diagnostic tests, genetic tests are one of several pieces of clinical information that should be considered before initiating drug therapy." (PMID: 27997040)
    2. CPIC guidelines reflect the alleles/genotypes known and considered by the guideline authors for inclusion by the time of publication, however they may be updated online at cpicpgx.org and in the CPIC database in between publications. Additional alleles and/or more extensive allele definitions might exist by the representative gene nomenclatures for various genes.
    3. CPIC is a registered service mark of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS).

    F. PharmGKB Disclaimers and Caveats

    1. PharmGKB is a registered service mark of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS).